1.巴金《家》的毕业论文
巴金《家》中施为性言语行为的语用分析 摘要:本文以Leech的礼貌原则为理论基础,拟用“判断言语行为类型———受到威胁的面子———选择礼貌原 则”的模式对巴金作品《家》中人物对话中出现的施为性言语行为进行分析。
通过分析我们发现,在进行言语行为表 达的过程中,不同类型的言语行为对说话人及交际对方正面面子或负面面子的威胁决定了说话人采取不同的礼貌 原则。 关键词:施为性言语行为;正面;负面面子;礼貌原则 1.引言 “说话就是做事”(Austin,1962)。
说话人说出了 有意义的可以为听话人理解的话语,就可以说他实 施了某个行为,这个行为就叫做言语行为。听话人针 对说话人的话语做出回答也是在实施言语行为。
施 为没有真假之分,但它的实施有适当和不适当之分, 要受一定的合适条件制约(何自然,陈新仁,2004), 是否做到了礼貌便是其中重要的条件之一。 《家》是一部反映封建官僚大家庭内部的腐朽龌 龊及其没落的崩溃史。
小说相当细致地描绘了高家 官僚们所代表的封建礼教迷信、专制所造成的一幕 幕悲剧“来向一个垂死的制度叫出我的控诉,为那过 去无数无名的牺牲者喊一声冤”(巴金:《关于〈家〉十 版改订本代序》)!《家》写到的人物有六七十个之多, 人物之间的对话更是丰富而生动。 本文以Leech的礼貌原则为理论基础,拟用“判 断言语行为类型———受到威胁的面子———选择礼貌 原则”的模式对巴金作品《家》中人物对话中出现的 施为性言语行为进行分析。
2.理论背景 我们先简单介绍一下Searle划分的五类施为性 言语行为,Brown&Levinson的面子理论,以及Leech 提出的制约人际言语交际的六条礼貌原则。 2.1 Searle的五类施为性言语行为 Austin(1962)将不具有报道、描述或表述的功 能,但却具有实施某些行为功能的话语称为施为性 言语行为,并且认为判断的标准之一是看语句中是 否有施为动词。
Searle(1969)认为,言语行为与言语行 为动词之间是有区别的,因此对言语行为作出了更 全面的考查,并将施为性言语行为(以言行事)(per- formatives)分成了五类。 (1)断言类(assertives)或表述类(representatives):对 话语的命题内容作出真或假的判断。
如:陈述、声 明、否认。 (2)指令类(directoves):说话人对听话人作出的某种 命令、指使、吩咐等使役性行为。
如:要求、命令、催促。 (3)承诺类(commisives):说话人都某个行为作出承诺 的行为。
如:允诺、威胁、拒绝。 (4)表情类(expressives):说话人在特定命题内容的同 时还表达某种心态的行为。
如:恭维、感激、道歉。 (5)宣告类(declarations):说话人通过话语直接改变 事物状况或条件的行为。
如:祝福、命名、辞退等。 通过考查我们发现,涉及威胁面子的言语行为 主要为前四类,因此礼貌原则也更多的在断言类、指令类、承诺类和表情类言语行为中使用。
2.2 Brown&Levinson的面子理论 Brown&Levinson(1978)认为面子是每个社会 成员想为自己争取的公开的自我形象。人们在交际 活动中希望彼此维护对方的面子,并相应采取不同 的礼貌策略。
他们将面子分为正面面子和负面面子, 并且说话人和听话人都具有两方面的面子,都有可 能受到威胁。 正面面子是指每个社会成员希望他的愿望受人 顺从,他的自我形象被人欣赏和赞许。
听话人的正面 面子受到威胁的情况包括:做负面评价的话语行为, 体现不关心或漠视的话语行为等。说话人的正面面 子受到威胁的情况包括:致歉,接受对方恭维,自我 羞愧、否定、搪塞,忏悔、认罪或承担责任等(陈融, 1993)。
负面面子是指社会成员希望其行动不被人干 涉,即具有行动的自由和自主决定的自由。听话人的 负面面子受到威胁的情况包括:让听话人做或不做 某事的行为,让听话人接受或拒绝的行为。
说话人的 负面面子受到威胁的情况包括:感谢,不情愿的许诺 或提供等(陈融,1993)。 因此我们可以看出表情类施为性言语行为常常 威胁正面面子,负面面子受到威胁的施为性言语行 为主要包括指令类和承诺类,而断言类言语行为既 可以威胁正面面子也可以威胁负面面子。
2.3 Leech的礼貌原则 礼貌是一种语用现象,这在语用学界已经成为人 们的一种共识(R.Lakoff,1973,1975;Brown&Levin- son,1978,1987;Leech,1983;Fraser,1990)。Leech认为 构成礼貌的重要因素是命题所指向的行动内容给交 际双方带来的利损情况和话语留给听话人的自主选 择程度。
即说话人话语的命题内容越有利于听话人, 话语就越礼貌;话语提供给听话人的自主选择度是 由话语表达的间接程度决定的,说话人越间接的话 语方式,其强加程度就越小,听话人自主选择作出要 求行动的自由度越高,话语的礼貌程度也就越高(束 定芳,1990)。以此为基础,Leech(1983)提出了制约 人际言语交际的六条礼貌原则(Politeness Principle): (1)得体准则(Tact Maxim) a.尽量少使他人吃亏b.尽量多使他人得益 (2)慷慨准则(Generosity Maxim) a.尽量少使自己得益b.尽量多让自己吃亏 (3)赞扬准则(Approbation Maxim) a.尽量少贬低他人b.尽量多赞扬他人 (4)谦逊准则(Modesty Maxim) a.尽量少赞扬自己b.尽量多贬低。
2.关于家的英文文章
Hello, everyone, I'm Liu Dongdong. I'm a student. There are three people in my family—my father, mother and I.
My father is 40 years old. He is a worker. I think he is a good worker. Because he works very hard. He gets up very early every day and he works for more than 10 hours a day. So he is always busy, he looks very tired when he gets home. He likes reading newspapers. He usually reads it after supper. So he gets lots of news.
My mother is 38 years old. She is a worker too. She works in a very small factory. She is not tall and she has two big eyes. She loves me and she is good for me. She always buys some books for me. She wants me to be a top student. She also cares for my diet and life.
I' m 15 years old. I wear glasses. I like reading. I always read books after school. I like singing, too. My favorite singer is Jay Chou. His music is very nice. What do you think of him? I also like making friends. If you want to meet me, please write to me.
Oh, my parents love me and I love them, too. My family is a happy family
3.英语作文我的家庭范文
My Family
Everyone has a family. We live in it and feel very warm. There are three persons in my family, my mother, father and I. We live together very happily and there are many interesting stories about my family.
My father is a hard-working man. He works as a doctor. He always tries his best to help every, patient and make patients comfortable. But sonetimes he works so hard that he can't remember the date.
My mother is a woman with a bad memory. She always does a lot of housework, but sometimes she makes mistakes out of carelessness. For example, one day, she washed clothes in the washer, after the washer finished the work, she found she hadn't filled the washer with water.
Now let me tell you a funny thing: one day, father wanted to get up early as usual, buthe wasn't able to do that, because he hadn't set the alarm clock the night before, so when he got up, he did everything in a hurry. After father left, mother said to me mysteriously, "He will come back soon." "Why?" I was greatly surprised. "Because today is Sunday, his holiday!" Just as mother said, father came back home soon, and went to bed again--he was too tired.
You see, what an interesting family have! I hope that you will have one like mine, too.
我的家庭
每个人都有家。我们大家生活在那里,并从那里获取温暖。我们家有三口人,我妈妈、爸爸,还有我。我们在一起幸福地生活,我们家有许多有趣的故事。
我爸爸工作认真。他是一名医生,他总是尽他最大的努力 去帮助每一位病人,尽力使他们感觉舒服。有的时候,他工作太认真以致于忘了日期。
我妈妈是一位记性很不好的人。她总是做很多家务活,但有时却因为她的粗心而做错事。比如说,有一天,她用洗衣机洗衣服,最后却发现自己忘了在洗衣机中放水。现在让我告诉你一件有趣的事:一天,爸爸想像平常一样早起,但是由于他前天没有设置闹钟,所以他起晚了,当他起床时,他匆匆忙忙地洗漱完毕就去上班了,爸爸离开后,妈妈神秘地对我说:“他一会儿一定会回来的。”“为什么?”我十分惊讶。“因为今天是星期天,他的假日。”妈妈正说着的时候,不一会儿,爸爸就回来了,并且再一次上床睡觉了——因为他太累了。
你瞧,多么有趣的家庭!我希望你也有一个像我一样的家庭。
4.英语毕业论文模板
英语专业的论文我就多了,不过你给的分也太多了点,给你发些题目吧,追加就分,给个红旗,同性恋和文化多元性《德伯家的苔丝》悲剧成因探析 浅析广告英语中的修辞西方思潮对当代中国青年的负面影响论美国电影对中国电影业造成冲击的原因 逃避,不如直面 ——浅谈“逃避主义”的根源 英汉广告文化和翻译从尊卑与平权看中西方文化的道德差异分析《傲慢与偏见》中的一个次要人物 做合格的外贸人才——针对英语专业在校生从电影《美丽人生》看完美男人形象 浅谈中学英语听说教学 从《宠儿》透视美国黑人女性的悲剧与成长《哈姆雷特》戏剧中的悲剧因素 英国女王伊丽莎白一世的宗教改革 英国战争对英语习语的影响 个体语言与语境 开发草地生态旅游促进西部经济发展 海丝特与卡米拉爱情观的对比分析 愉快教学法在初中英语教学中的研究中学英语教学中的肢体语言的应用 解读《简。
爱》的帝国主义意识 浅析美国早期移民文化 中国和西方的酒文化 中英死亡委婉语对比分析苔丝的反叛精神 浅谈交际法在中学英语教学中的应用 关于攀枝花市公示语汉英翻译的调查与分析 消除不良商标翻译的策略 大学英语教学中的弊端及对策 论美国“西进运动”的双刃性 七曲山大酒店的管理弊端及其对策 从《鲁滨逊漂流记》看人的性格对命运的决定作用 企业文化对企业发展的作用 论中西方文学作品对正面人物的刻画 一位坚强独立的女性——简·爱 试论格萨拉生态旅游区的现状及发展前景妇女——当代美国社会不可小觑的力量 浅谈格萨拉景区旅游开发前景 像鲁滨逊一样在逆境中创造精彩 初中英语课堂互动教学的探索 论旅游英语的特征 中学生个体差异与英语素质教育商标语的翻译 初中学生个体差异与英语教学 论《美国悲剧》中萝贝塔的悲剧性 从现代汉语中的外来词看中国文化对西方文化的吸收与 论《白象似的群山》中海明威独特的写作风格 攀枝花民族中学英语教学特性分析及对策 从福娃“改名”谈文化词的翻译策略 美国英语与英国英语在词汇上的差异 非语言交际在中学英语教学中的有效应用 从《哈利·波特》看儿童的成长 浅析苔丝之死 《老人与海》象征主义探究 “师道尊严”对当代中国英语教学的负面影响 日常生活中提高英语口语方法探析 攀枝花生态旅游的发展 在国际商务谈判中建立良好第一印象的技巧 从《西风颂》看英国积极浪漫主义的特征 企业文化在企业发展中的作用 习语及习语的汉英翻译盖茨比美国梦的幻灭——透视现实生活中的爱情 文化差异对第二语言学习的影响 浅析爱默生的《论自助》——人生自主的源泉 在中西方文化背景中对龙的不同阐释 论教学交往互动中的对话 冷战后美国外交的文化阐释 网络对当代青少年的影响 欧美人所理解之天堂世界观 基于作品人物浅析菲茨杰拉德 中国80后一代眼中的美国文化和中国文化 解读《皆大欢喜》中的浪漫主义 从《红字》和《荆棘鸟》看宗教禁欲主义下的爱情跨文化交际与中西文化冲突 谈如何理解海明威《一个干净明亮的地方》网络在中学英语教学中的应用 我看简·爱的爱情 中美家庭教育与个人能力培养 试论言语行为理论在广告语中的运用 《老人与海》的悲剧色彩:对完美主义的质疑 英语名的取名艺术 英语名的取名艺术 分析简·爱的美 中西文化中颜色词的象征意义 重拾爱伦·坡的哥特小说——从写作手法剖析 论《红字》中的孤独因素 汉语语言环境对英语学习的影响 小学英语教育中的新方法 中西方婚俗的差异 斯佳丽:“旧”时代的“新”女性 交际法在中学英语课堂的应用 论修辞在英语广告中的应用 中国西部未来人才需要 论福斯塔夫的性格 从《喧哗与骚动》中凯蒂的悲剧看20世纪初女性的社会 从商标及广告翻译看中英文化差异 儿童英语的交互性教学 英文谚语的文化场景在中译文中的缺失与弥合 浅谈大学生英语口语表达能力的提高 美国高等教育的多元化 教师在小学英语教学中的角色和作用分析罗密欧与朱丽叶的爱情悲剧之研究 放松艺术——论失落情绪的消除社会底层的底层——分析美国非裔妇女的社会地位论中西饮食文化差异 文化认同的悲剧 从美国“迷惘的一代”看当今中国年轻人的生活 中美文化视野中对个人主义的认同差异透过《飘》看现代女性对待生活的态度 美国社会的葛朗台现象 多种方法,提高初中英语课堂效益学前幼儿的英语口语教学方法和技巧 论毒品对青少年的危害 从原创广告分析中美文化差异 乐山大佛风景区宗教旅游资源的研究 从迷茫的玛尔特的悲剧看女性存在的社会价值从伊丽莎白一世的婚姻看现代爱情观 美国黑人文化得以幸存的原因解析 激发学生学习英语的兴趣 英国的民族个性——高贵与务实在饮食中的表现 大学双语教学的现状及对策 倾城之恋》与《飘》的女性主义解读 浅析中国慈善事业发展现状 思想的解放 理性的光芒 浅析美国的个人主义与中国的集体主义林奇与狼牙山五 从英汉习语的翻译看中西方文化差异初中英语教学的弊端及对策论家庭教育和学校教育的结合 都市边缘文化中西方同性恋文化浅析 《简·爱》的浪漫主义解读冷战后的美国对外战略 洋快餐对中国饮食文化的影响 中国教育体制下情境教学法的误区 美国俚语中的文化特征美国黑人文化的灵魂—。
5.急需一篇纯英文的英语本科毕业论文
英语毕业论文之英美文学研究论文(共54篇2008年5月30日更新)1.海丝特与卡米拉爱情观的对比分析 A Comparative Analysis of the Attitudes Towards Love Between Hester and Camillaer to the area desires to know the history of the family--which he receives from Nelly Deans, a servant who introduces us to the Earnshaw family who once resided in the house known as Wuthering Heights. It was once a cheerful place, but Old Earnshaw adopted a "Gipsy" child who he named Heathcliff. And Catherine, daughter of the house, found in him the perfect companion: wild, rude, and as proud and cruel as she. But although Catherine loves him, even recognizes him as her soulmate, she cannot lower herself to marry so far below her social station. She instead marries another, and in so doing sets in motion an obsession that will destroy them all. WUTHERING HEIGHTS is a bit difficult to "get into;" the opening chapters are so dark in their portrait of the end result of this obsessive love that they are somewhat off-putting. But they feed into the flow of the work in a remarkable way, setting the stage for one of the most remarkable structures in all of literature, a story that circles upon itself in a series of repetitions as it plays out across two generations. Catherine and Heathcliff are equally remarkable, both vicious and cruel, and yet never able to shed their impossible love no matter how brutally one may wound the other. As the novel coils further into alcoholism, seduction, and one of the most elaborately imagined plans of revenge it gathers into a ghostly tone: Heathcliff, driven to madness by a woman who is not there but who seems reflected in every part of his world--dragging her corpse from the grave, hearing her calling to him from the moors, escalating his brutality not for the sake of brutality but so that her memory will never fade, so that she may never leave his mind until death itself. Yes, this is madness, insanity, and there is no peace this side of the grave or even beyond. Many people in the world are trying to find a perfect companion.Some of these may marry and not know what their new husband or wife is like.This kind of situation often leads to separation or hostility. Other situations may develop between two friends that stem from jealousy, desire for revenge, uncaring parents, etc. Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights displays several characteristics of destructive relationships. Three of these are uncaring parents, marriage without knowing the person, and jealousy. Uncaring or unsympathizing parents are shown throughout this story to be an element of destructive relationships. Because Heathcliff gained all the attention from Mr. Earnshaw, Hindley became disassociated from his father. This separation continued until after Mr. Earnshaw had died.Another example is between Hindley and Hareton. Hindley became such a drunk and a gambler that he could not properly care for young Hareton. This led to a separation between Hareton and his father as well. One primary example of an uncaring parent is shown between Heathcliff and his son Linton.Heathcliff did not even want his son for anything except enacting a part of his revenge. This is shown by Linton's fear of Heathcliff and Heathcliff's enmity toward his son. Linton even says "。
my father threatened me, and I dread him - I dread him!"(244) to express his feeling about Heathcliff.The hostility and separation between father and son in this book shows that uncaring parents can cause serious damage in relationships with their children. This element of destructive behavior may stem from an unhappy marriage in which the husbands or wives don't know each other. This had happened between Isabella and Heathcliff. Isabella did not really 。
8.有关未来家的英语作文带翻译
未来生活(Life in the future)
People will be become more and more richer in the future.Everything will change.For example: we didn't go to schoool for study, we only stay at home to teach ourselves with computer. No matter where we want to go, we only have a thought.We can go to other plannets without anyone's help. If we want to buy something,we only press a key,a robbet will help us.I think our life in the future will be more interesting and wonderful.
未来生活
在未来,人们会越来越富有,每件事都会改变。例如:我们不必再去学校学习,我们可以呆在家里用电脑学习。无论我们想去那,只需要一个想法,我们不需要任何人的帮助便可以去别的星球。如果我们想买些东西,我们只需要一个按纽,机器人便会帮助我们。我想我们未来的生活是多么的有趣和精彩
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