众文网1.求助：英美法系的形成,发展与展望论文资料
形成： 英美法系又称普通法系、英国法系或判例法系。
指英国从11世纪起主要以源于日耳曼习惯法的普通法为基础，逐渐形成的一种独特的法律制度以及仿效英国的其他一些国家和地区的法律制度，是西方国家中与大陆法系并列的一种历史悠久和影响较大的法系。 1066年诺曼底公爵威廉征服英国以前，英国各地施行的是盎格鲁撒克逊的习惯法；东北部则施行入侵的丹麦人传入的北欧条顿人习惯法。
诺曼人在英国建立以国王为中心的封建土地制度，逐步形成王权专制国家，在历史上第一次设立权威极大的御前会议（一译御前库里亚或王国法院），以其判例作为普通法适用于全国，并由国王派出的巡回法官在各地宣传和施行这些法律。狭义的普通法即指这类判例法。
英国判例法中还包括一种它所特有的衡平法。这是从14世纪开始发展的一种与普通法并行的主要适用于民事纠纷的法律原则和诉讼程序。
由于民商事关系的发展，传统的普通法的严格限制有时无法适应需要，英王允许臣民在无法从普通法法院获得公平处理时，由大法官以衡平（又称公平或良知）原则予以处理，可以停止普通法法院判决的执行，命令或禁止民事被告人从事一定的行为。其后，更设立独立的衡平法院（又称大法官法院），发展了一套抽象的衡平法准则，如“求助于衡平者须自身清白”，“衡平救助不中途而废”，“衡平重意愿而不重形式”等。
由于当时大法官多由僧侣担任，所以实际多是按照教会法和罗马法的某些原则来审决案件。最初主要用以处理因程序欠缺或迟延等所产生的争讼，之后逐渐发展至实体法方面。
19世纪末调整法院体系时，取消衡平法院，审判权统一归于普通法法院，但是，直到今天，高等法院仍设有由衡平法院演变而来的大法官庭，在审判实践中也不时援用衡平原则，给予衡平救助。在其他英美法系国家中，有的仍保留衡平法的某些效力，甚至还存在个别的衡平法院。
英美法系也有制定法。英王很早便发布过一些具有实体法或程序法内容的□令。
最近两个世纪，特别是20世纪以来，议会更通过大批立法，在某些领域，如刑事案件的审判，其主要依据已是制定法，而不是判例。但英国的制定法有其特点，即不论民事、刑事的实体法和程序法，都没有统一的法典；对某些特定问题例如证据、货物销售、性犯罪、盗窃罪以及青少年犯罪等，虽然制定了单行法，但是往往民刑不分、实体规定与程序规定兼及，而且修改频繁，同名法令很多，在援用时必须注明法令颁布的年代；有的法令内容重复，甚至前后规定不一；而且，法令绝大部分是归纳判例而成，不论概念或原则，类多来自司法习惯，因而解释和适用时往往需要借助判例。
英美法系尽管通过原来的宗教法院和教职司法人员的作用，在遗嘱继承、婚姻和海事等方面接受了罗马法的某些影响，特别是在近代由于资本主义的发展而吸收了更多来源于罗马法的原则，例如侵权赔偿、抵押回赎权、契约关系中错误的效果等。但是，由于英国是较早建立中央集权的封建国家，已经形成自己的普通法体系，并且存在深谙普通法和自成行会的大批律师，以及从中产生的法官集团，因而，受罗马法的影响不大。
这与大陆法系中的主要国家法国和德国不同。法国长期存在分散的领主法庭，德国的各邦自立司法体系，两国在建立封建集权国家时都没有形成成套的统一的立法，法律界又受过罗马法训练，所以，其法律制度主要以比较完备的罗马法作为蓝本。
因此，英美法系与大陆法系虽然同是当代维护资产阶级利益的法律体系，而且逐步趋于一致；但是，由于其传统和形成的历史条件不同，受罗马法影响的程度差别很大，因而仍然存在若干明显的区别。 17世纪起，随着英国的对外扩张，英国法也传播和移植到各殖民地附属国。
这些国家在独立后大都根据英国法原则，按照其各自的特点和习惯，适应其政治、经济和文化发展的需要，或多或少地作了修改，以建立自己的法律制度。目前，属于英美法系的国家，除美国外还包括大部分英联邦国家以及一些原属英国殖民地或附属国的亚洲、非洲、大洋洲和加勒比海地区的国家。
其中更动不大的有加拿大、澳大利亚和新西兰等。不过，加拿大的魁北克省保留了法国法的特点，斯里兰卡则具有罗马-荷兰法的特点，亚、非和大洋洲的国家则具有更多的宗教或习惯上的特点。
美国法对英美法系的改动最大，其原属法国的路易斯安那州则仍保持大陆法系的某些特点。 发展： 展望： .tw/fnews/news.php?nid=18087.00# 个人认为英美法系与大陆法系的融合是未来的发展方向。
2.英美概况论文
国际商务与跨文化交际（International Business and Cross-cultural Communication）
The increase in international business and in foreign investment has created a need for executives with knowledge of foreign languages and skills in cross-cultural communication. Americans, however, have not been well trained in either area and, consequently, have not enjoyed the same level of success in negotiation in an international arena as have their foreign counterparts.
Negotiating is the process of communicating back and forth for the purpose of reaching an agreement. It involves persuasion and compromise, but in order to participate in either one, the negotiators must understand the ways in which people are persuaded and how compromise is reached within the culture of the negotiation.
In many international business negotiations abroad, Americans are perceived as wealthy and impersonal. It often appears to the foreign negotiator that the American represents a large multi-million-dollar corporation that can afford to pay the price without bargaining further. The American negotiator's role becomes that of an impersonal purveyor of information and cash.
In studies of American negotiators abroad, several traits have been identified that may serve to confirm this stereotypical perception, while undermining the negotiator's position. Two traits in particular that cause cross-cultural misunderstanding are directness and impatience on the part of the American negotiator. Furthermore, American negotiators often insist on realizing short-term goals. Foreign negotiators, on the other hand, may value the relationship established between negotiators and may be willing to invest time in it for long-term benefits. In order to solidify the relationship, they may opt for indirect interactions without regard for the time involved in getting to know the other negotiator.
3.英美法与大陆法的差异的摘要怎么
大陆法系又称罗马法系、成文法系、民法法系或罗马—日耳曼法系（因为它的历史渊源是罗马法和日耳曼法，此外还有教会法、商法和城市法）。
它是资本主义国家中历史悠久、分布广泛、影响深远的法系。它以欧洲大陆的法国和德国为代表，在罗马法的基础上，融合其他法律成分，逐渐发展为世界性的法律体系。
在大陆法系内部，各个国家和地区的法律制度的情况不尽相同，大体上有两个分支——以法国民法典为代表的拉丁分支和以德国民法典为代表的日耳曼分支。 英美法系又称普通法系，是指以英国中世纪以来的法律，特别是以它的普通法为基础，发展起来的法律制度的体系。
普通法是与衡平法、教会法、习惯法和制定法相对应的概念，由于其中的普通法对整个法律制度的影响最大，所以，英美法系又称为普通法系。美国的法律源于英国传统，但从19世纪后期开始独立发展，已经对世界的法律产生了很大的影响。
英美法系的分布范围主要包括英国（苏格兰除外）、美国（路易丝安那州除外）、加拿大（魁北克除外）、澳大利亚、新西兰、印度、巴基斯坦、新加坡、南非等国和中国的香港。 英国法传统的传播主要是通过殖民扩展实现的。
英美法系与大陆法系的六个区别：①法律思维方式的特点：民法法系通常是演绎思维，而英美法系通常是归纳思维，如类比。②法律渊源：民法法系中制定法较多，而英美法系中通常判例法较多。
③法律分类方面，民法法系有公法和私法划分，英美法系有普通法、衡平法划分。 ④诉讼制度方面，民法法系是属于纠问式诉讼，而普通法法系是对抗式诉讼。
⑤法典编撰，民法法系的法典多，而普通法法系的法典相对少。⑥还有法律概念、法律体系等方面的区别。
需要明确：区别不是绝对而是一种相对的区别。
4.求《英美文化》的论文~
找了一篇，你自己看看， My View on the US Gun Culture At the local time 7:15 in the morning, April 16th,2007, Korea student Cho Seung-Hui opened fire in the campus of Virginia Tech University ,which killed 33 students including himself ,and wounded another 17. Police said it was the deadliest shooting rampage in US history . It is not the only accident.From Sep.27 to Oct.9th,four shooting rampages happened in American campuses ,killing six students and one headmaster.As statistics shows ,an average of 30,000 people die from shooting every year,and 12 kids die under the gun every day .Apparently,the abuse of the guns has been a serious problem in the US since a long time ago,so why doesn't the authority take tough measures onor just ban owning guns privately? Obviously,this is easy said than done,as behind these shooting rampages there is an unmovable gun culture,which was formed and develepped in the particular historical circmstances,and enjoyed long time developping in the modern times. The History of Gun Culture An American scholar says,"Every American citizen is born with a rifle."This is in some degree correct,as the American gun culture do have a long history. As early as the 1600s,when the first Europeans came to the continent of the North America,what they had to face were the crue beatles,the frequent conflits with the local Indians,as the government at that time did not had the power to provide necessary defense,the people could only rely on themselves,thus,undoubtfully,gun played an significant rule in self-defense.In many states,suchu as Virginia,Massachusetts,the local governments encouraged people to own and carry guns ,and even to form army to protect themselves as well as the public.So no wonder When it came to the time of the Independent War,the substancial role the armed civilians played enhanced the importance of owning guns privately.Because it was the people with private guns who first opened fire to the Lexington ,which led to the beginning of the war.In the views of many Americans,the victory of the Indenpendent War was largely determined by the fact that most Americans own and carry guns with them. Time to the development the westen lands,again,the guns palyed its unrelacable role.During the time of the Civil War,in order to the victory of the North,the Lincon government strongly encourage the pulbic to own guns ,and meanwhile suport massive production of all kinds of guns.All these measures helped to establish the inportant position in people's mind.Consquently,the Americans began to take the right of owning guns privately for granted. /blog492575.htm。
5.法律本科的毕业论文,什么题目好写,又新颖
论检察机关量刑建议权 本份论文资料包括：开题报告，中英文摘要，论文，目录，文献综述，任务书，答辩，中期检查表，等 论文编号：SS029 摘 要 量刑建议权是公诉权的内涵和细化，对于增加量刑透明度，保障被告人的权利，防止法官自由裁量权的滥用和司法腐败均具有积极意义。
为此在国外，不管是大陆法系国家还是英美法系国家的检察机关，一般都具有量刑建议权，在英美法系国家中，量刑建议权更是检察机关实施辩诉交易制度不可缺少的一部分。从诉讼理论上看，量刑建议权对于实现控审分离、贯彻诉讼公开、提高诉讼效率都具有重大意义。
但在我国，虽然在立法上对于量刑建议权已有所规定，但学界与实务界对于检察机关是否应当有量刑建议权仍存在争议，有的肯定，有的否定。其实，检察机关的量刑建议权只是一种程序性权力，并不会侵害法院的审判权，我国也有必要建立一种合理的量刑建议权。
在构建我国量刑建议权时，根据目前存在的问题，主要是从提出量刑建议的时间、方式以及提出量刑建议的依据上加以完善，并解决好检察机关量刑建议权与审判权之间的关系。关键词：刑事诉讼 检察机关 量刑建议 构建 Abstract Sentencing recommendation is the indictment of the right content and refinement, increase penalties for transparency, protection of the rights of the accused, the judge discretion to prevent the abuse and corruption in the judiciary are of positive significance. For this reason in foreign countries, whether civil law countries or the common law countries of the prosecution, sentencing recommendations generally have the right, in common law countries, the sentencing recommendations of the prosecution is indispensable for the implementation of plea bargaining as part of the system. From the proceedings in theory, the sentencing recommendations for achieving the right to control trial separation, and implementing the proceedings open, the efficiency of the proceedings is of great significance. But in China, although the legislation has the right to sentencing recommendations, but academics and practical for the prosecution whether the sentence should have the right to remain controversial proposals, some sure, some negative. In fact, the procuratorial organs of the sentencing recommendation is only a procedural powers, and not against the court's jurisdiction, China, it is necessary to establish a reasonable right to sentencing recommendations. Construction of China's sentencing recommendations in the right, under the existing problems, mainly from the sentencing recommendations by the time, manner and make sentencing recommendations to improve on the basis of, and properly solve the prosecution and sentencing recommendations to the jurisdiction of the relationship between. Key words: Criminal Procedure Procuratorate Sentencing 目 录摘 要 。
.IIIAbstract 。
IV前 言。
.. 1第一章 量刑建议权的概念界定 。
.2一、量刑建议权的概念 。
2二、量刑建议权相关要件的界定 。
.2（一）量刑建议权的主体 。
.2（二）量刑建议的对象。
3（三）量刑建议的内容。
3第二章 国外量刑建议权的比较与分析 。
.4一、大陆法系国家 。
.4（一）德国 。
.4（二）日本 。
.5二、英美法系国家 。
.6（一）美国 。
.6（二） 英国。
.. 7三、比较与分析 。
7第三章 量刑建议权的理论基础 。
.9一、量刑建议权与控审分离 。
..9二、量刑建议权与诉讼公开 。
..9三、量刑建议权与诉讼效率。
.. 10第四章 我国量刑建议权的现状 。
.11一、立法及司法实践的现状 。
..11（一）我国有关检察机关量刑建议的立法规定。
. 11（二）司法实践的现状 。
12二、我国学界对量刑建议权的探讨 。
..12（一）肯定量刑建议权的观点及其理由 。
.12（二）否定量刑建议权的观点及其理由 。
.13三、我国量刑建议权现状的分析 。
.13第五章我国量刑建议权的程序构建。
. 15一、赋予检察机关量刑建议权的合理性 。
.15二、检察机关量刑建议权行使程序的具体构建 。
.16（一）提出建议的时间 。
16（二）提出建议的方式 。
17（四）处理好建议权与审判权的关系 。
17结 语 。
..19参考文献 。
20致 谢 。
..。
6.英美文化论文如何写
Why American Culture is Unique American culture is unique because it is nurtured, formed and developed under certain conditions, which are characteristically（特性）American. The major factors contributing to the making of this new nation and the forming of a new culture are the hard environment, ethnic diversity（多民族） and plural religion, which is quite different from other nations in the world. What is more, these elements are still influencing the American culture.1. Rough EnvironmentThe early immigrants who were English Puritans settled down in northeast part of American. The environment there was very rough but they believed the poor land could purify their mind so they chose the place along the coast. From 1607 to 1892, frontiers were pushed further west. The American frontier consisted of the relatively unsettled regions of the United States, usually found in the western part of the country. The frontiersmen looked for a land of rich resources and a land of promise, opportunity and freedom. Actually they looked for a better life. So individualism, self-reliance, and equality of opportunity have perhaps been the values most closely associated with the frontier heritage（遗产） of American2. Ethnic DiversityThe population of the United States includes a large variety of ethnic groups coming from many races, nationalities, and religions. People refer to the United States as "melting pot "and the dominant people are British. American is made up of WASP+MM, that is, White, Anglo Saxon, Protestants plus Middle Class and Male. In history, people from different countries in the world rushed to American three times. They brought their own culture to American and later on different cultures were mixed together. Thus the unique American culture is formed, a common cultural life with commonly shared values.3. Plural religionThe fundamental American belief in individual freedom and the right of individuals to practice their own religion is at the center of religious experience in the United States. The great diversity of ethnic backgrounds has produced religious pluralism; almost all of the religions of the world are now practiced in the United States. Christianity（基督教） is the dominant religion in American and Protestant （新教）is predominate（主导）. Any individuals are equal before God and they believe they can communicate directly to God so they can share the same idea. Under the protestant, many new ones are formed and different explanations produce different sect of religion. Churches are independent and American religion is no longer religion seculars. The institution permits the practice of religion and the political power is separate form religion. So there are more religions in American than in other countries.4. Current influence:Nowadays,we can see the continual influence of the three elements in the current American society. American family is typically parents and their unmarried children. Middle-aged and elderly people generally do not live with their married children. Many Americans live in mobile homes whose homes are built with wheels. They can be moved. The people in American have a very strong desire to start a new life in a new place. Quite a number of people change residences（住所） every year. The average American moves fourteen times in his lifetime. The courage to try something new has been an American characteristic. American democracy means majority rule, but it also means protection of minority rights. There are certain freedom which the United States promises to all its citizens and members of minority group cannot be denied these rights by a vote of the majority. Americans also like to be involved in many challenge activities and sports to show their adventurous spirits. All of these are affected by the heritage of the American history.From the facts above, we can see American culture is unique which was cultivated, formed and developed by the main three factors, rough environment, ethnic diversity and plural religion and still is affected and determined by them now。
7.求助法学毕业论文,提纲
论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容。
〈2）论文正文、目录：目录是论文中主要段落的简表。（短篇论文不必列目录）
3、出版物信息。
中文：标题--作者--出版物信息（版地，以供读者检索。 每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词、论文正文：
(1)引言：引言又称前言、著作或文章的标题、作者，说明选题的目的和意义， 并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题，另起一行，排在“提要”的左下方，要求短，以便读者考证。
(2)所列举的参考文献要标明序号。关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，要对论文进行主题，依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语：正文是论文的主体，正文应包括论点、论据、提要和正文中选取出来的、序言和导言、版者、版期）：作者--标题--出版物信息
所列参考文献的要求是：
(1)所列参考文献应是正式出版物。
5、精.结论。
6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料，列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页，标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行：
a;
d.提出-论点.分析问题-论据和论证；
c.解决问题-论证与步骤；
主题词是经过规范化的词。 引言一般要概括地写出作者意图、完整。字数少可几十字，多不超过三百字为宜。
4、关键词或主题词：关键词是从论文的题名。
2，是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇，用在论文的开头，在确定主题词时、提要：是文章主要内容的摘录、醒目、新颖：要求准确、简练 1、论文题目
8.英美文化论文如何写
Why American Culture is Unique American culture is unique because it is nurtured, formed and developed under certain conditions, which are characteristically（特性）American. The major factors contributing to the making of this new nation and the forming of a new culture are the hard environment, ethnic diversity（多民族） and plural religion, which is quite different from other nations in the world. What is more, these elements are still influencing the American culture.1. Rough EnvironmentThe early immigrants who were English Puritans settled down in northeast part of American. The environment there was very rough but they believed the poor land could purify their mind so they chose the place along the coast. From 1607 to 1892, frontiers were pushed further west. The American frontier consisted of the relatively unsettled regions of the United States, usually found in the western part of the country. The frontiersmen looked for a land of rich resources and a land of promise, opportunity and freedom. Actually they looked for a better life. So individualism, self-reliance, and equality of opportunity have perhaps been the values most closely associated with the frontier heritage（遗产） of American2. Ethnic DiversityThe population of the United States includes a large variety of ethnic groups coming from many races, nationalities, and religions. People refer to the United States as "melting pot "and the dominant people are British. American is made up of WASP+MM, that is, White, Anglo Saxon, Protestants plus Middle Class and Male. In history, people from different countries in the world rushed to American three times. They brought their own culture to American and later on different cultures were mixed together. Thus the unique American culture is formed, a common cultural life with commonly shared values.3. Plural religionThe fundamental American belief in individual freedom and the right of individuals to practice their own religion is at the center of religious experience in the United States. The great diversity of ethnic backgrounds has produced religious pluralism; almost all of the religions of the world are now practiced in the United States. Christianity（基督教） is the dominant religion in American and Protestant （新教）is predominate（主导）. Any individuals are equal before God and they believe they can communicate directly to God so they can share the same idea. Under the protestant, many new ones are formed and different explanations produce different sect of religion. Churches are independent and American religion is no longer religion seculars. The institution permits the practice of religion and the political power is separate form religion. So there are more religions in American than in other countries.4. Current influence:Nowadays,we can see the continual influence of the three elements in the current American society. American family is typically parents and their unmarried children. Middle-aged and elderly people generally do not live with their married children. Many Americans live in mobile homes whose homes are built with wheels. They can be moved. The people in American have a very strong desire to start a new life in a new place. Quite a number of people change residences（住所） every year. The average American moves fourteen times in his lifetime. The courage to try something new has been an American characteristic. American democracy means majority rule, but it also means protection of minority rights. There are certain freedom which the United States promises to all its citizens and members of minority group cannot be denied these rights by a vote of the majority. Americans also like to be involved in many challenge activities and sports to show their adventurous spirits. All of these are affected by the heritage of the American history.From the facts above, we can see American culture is unique which was cultivated, formed and developed by the main three factors, rough environment, ethnic diversity and plural religion and still is affected and determined by them now。
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