众文网1.跪求一篇关于机械类的外文文献附带中文翻译~~
You will learn about the effect of mold cooling, position of cooling channel, and cooling method for each part.The temperature of a mold has a great impact on molding.For example, if the temperature of the mold is too low, molten plastic will not flow smoothly through the runner or the gate, thus may not fill up in the cavity.On the other hand, if the temperature is too high, it will take too long to cool down and solidify the molten plastic, so the molding cycle will be longer.Therefore, by controlling the temperature of the mold, the following effects can be expected. Molding cycle can be shortened by reducing time for cooling and solidification of molten plastic. The surface quality or measurement accuracy of parts can be improved by better mold ability. Warp or stress in a part can be avoided that is caused when mold shrinkage varies due to different thickness, leading internal stress difference. Effective mold cooling is done by pouring cold water into the mold through a cooling channel. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Let''s see the detailed explanations of a cooling channel. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Position of Cooling Channel To effectively cool down a mold, decide on a position of the cooling channel considering the following remarks.Adjust the mold temperature by pouring a large amount of water having a temperature close to the temperature required for molding. Increase the number of the cooling channels rather than enlarge the diameter of one cooling channel. Make sure to cool a cores (insert) which are difficult to cool, such as a thick core, a large size slide core, or a loose core. Use mold material that has high heat conductivity to improve effectiveness of cold water. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Cavity Cooling Position a cooling channel as shown in the figure below for cavity cooling.Since the numbers shown are for a general case, it is necessary to consider the position of a cooling channel according to molding material, molding shape, or mold material type.Also, the cold water should flow from where the temperature of molten plastic is higher (closer to the gate) in the same direction as the molten plastic flows. Example of 2 dimensional cooling channel Pour cold water over the top side of parts. Example of 3 dimensional cooling channel Pour cold water to wrap parts.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Core (Insert) Cooling The cooling methods of core (insert) are listed below: If the core is too small for a cooling channel to go through:Cools down the core by inserting a copper rod or heat pipe that is highly efficient in heat conduction into the core and then cooling down the copper rod or heat pipe. If the core is large enough to go through a cooling channel.Cools down by jet method in which cold water is flushed through a pipe attached to the channel. Regular core cooling:Cools down by baffle method in which a dividing plate is attached in the cooling channel on the core and cold water is poured to cross over the plate. If there is a large cooling channel in a core:Coolds down by inserting metal fittings in the cooling channel and pouring cold water in a spiral stream.If the core is too small for a cooling channel or heat pipe to go through:Make a core of beryllium copper and cool it down.。
2.求一篇机械类外文翻译（外文原文包含出处和参考文献）
不同期刊上的外文文献格式并不完全一致，但大多都是在边角处页码的前面显示期刊名称和卷号，写法多样。
比如：
The Journal of Hand Surgery / Vol. 21A No. 2 March 1996
Trends in Pharmacological Sciences Vol.29 No.2
Journal of Cell Science 122 (17)
前面的英文是期刊名称（即出处），后面的是卷号。
在写参考文献时，格式要依据你想投稿的期刊而调整，按对方的常用格式来。可以使用Endnote等文献管理软件来调整格式，会方便不少。
1、有些期刊的格式是在文中标注数字，然后在全文结束后附上参考文献，按顺序写。
例如：
[1] Kunz-Schughart LA,Heder P.Schroeder J.et al. A heterologous 3-D coculture modeI of breast tumor cells and fibroblasts to study tumor-associated fibroblast differentiation[J].Exp
Cell Res, 2001.266(1):74-86.
（作者、文献标题、出处、年份、卷数、页码）
2、有些期刊会在文中引用部分后直接加括号，在括号里写参考文献。
例如：
……Previously, we showed that retinal progenitors, photoreceptors and RPE cells can be generated from ES cells by mimicking developmental processes in a stepwise fashion in vitro (Ikeda et al., 2005; Osakada et al.,2008; Osakada et al., 2009).
然后在全文结束后写对应的详情（常按首字母顺序排列）：
Ikeda, H., Osakada, F., Watanabe, K., Mizuseki, K., Haraguchi, T., Miyoshi, H., Kamiya, D., Honda, Y., Sasai, N., Yoshimura, N. et al. (2005). Generation of Rx+/Pax6+ neural retinal precursors from embryonic stem cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102, 11331-11336.
以上为我自己的经验，纯手打，望采纳~
3.跪求一篇关于机械类的外文文献附带中文翻译~~
You will learn about the effect of mold cooling, position of cooling channel, and cooling method for each part.The temperature of a mold has a great impact on molding.For example, if the temperature of the mold is too low, molten plastic will not flow smoothly through the runner or the gate, thus may not fill up in the cavity.On the other hand, if the temperature is too high, it will take too long to cool down and solidify the molten plastic, so the molding cycle will be longer.Therefore, by controlling the temperature of the mold, the following effects can be expected. Molding cycle can be shortened by reducing time for cooling and solidification of molten plastic. The surface quality or measurement accuracy of parts can be improved by better mold ability. Warp or stress in a part can be avoided that is caused when mold shrinkage varies due to different thickness, leading internal stress difference. Effective mold cooling is done by pouring cold water into the mold through a cooling channel. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------Let''s see the detailed explanations of a cooling channel. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------Position of Cooling Channel To effectively cool down a mold, decide on a position of the cooling channel considering the following remarks.Adjust the mold temperature by pouring a large amount of water having a temperature close to the temperature required for molding. Increase the number of the cooling channels rather than enlarge the diameter of one cooling channel. Make sure to cool a cores (insert) which are difficult to cool, such as a thick core, a large size slide core, or a loose core. Use mold material that has high heat conductivity to improve effectiveness of cold water. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cavity Cooling Position a cooling channel as shown in the figure below for cavity cooling.Since the numbers shown are for a general case, it is necessary to consider the position of a cooling channel according to molding material, molding shape, or mold material type.Also, the cold water should flow from where the temperature of molten plastic is higher (closer to the gate) in the same direction as the molten plastic flows. Example of 2 dimensional cooling channelPour cold water over the top side of parts. Example of 3 dimensional cooling channelPour cold water to wrap parts.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Core (Insert) Cooling The cooling methods of core (insert) are listed below: If the core is too small for a cooling channel to go through:Cools down the core by inserting a copper rod or heat pipe that is highly efficient in heat conduction into the core and then cooling down the copper rod or heat pipe. If the core is large enough to go through a cooling channel.Cools down by jet method in which cold water is flushed through a pipe attached to the channel. Regular core cooling:Cools down by baffle method in which a dividing plate is attached in the cooling channel on the core and cold water is poured to cross over the plate. If there is a large cooling channel in a core:Coolds down by inserting metal fittings in the cooling channel and pouring cold water in a spiral stream.If the core is too small for a cooling channel or heat pipe to go through:Make a core of beryllium copper and cool it down.。
4.求一篇机械类的英语论文及翻译
IntroductionMachining aims to generate the shape of work-piece form a solid body,or to improve the tolerances and surface finish of a previously formed work-piece,by removing excess materials in the form of chips. Machining is capable of creating geometric configurations,tolerances, and surface finishes often unobtainable by any other technique.However, machining removes materials, which has already been paid for, in the form of relatively small particles that are more difficult to recycle and are in greater danger of becoming mixed. Therefore,developments often aim at reducing or-if at all possible-eliminating machining, especially in mass production.For these reasons, machining has lost some important markets, yet, at the same time, it has also been developing and especially having captured new markets with the application of numerical control.Some feel for the important of machining may be gained from the observation that in 1983 there were about 2 million metal-cutting machine tools in the unite states ( of which some 5% were numerically controlled ) and that labor and overhead costs amounted to $125 billion, or 3% of the GNP.。
5.机械类英文文献+翻译
众所周知，在文学上有许多不同类型的组织配置的一个最有效的作品在这方面是明兹伯格（ 1979年） 。
他研究的一致性一方面环境与结构，以及其他要素之间的组织制度；按照米勒和明茨伯格的（ 1983年）的方法，文献表明分类组织配置与五个演变模式（结构简单， ，机械官僚主义，分区解决方案，专业官僚作风和adhocracy ） 。此外，能够识别不同的原型无法掩盖的认识存在一个连续的相同，更适合于看到的复杂性，真实的世界。
出于这个原因，许多分析用动态的方法'' ''这使得它很有趣，观察不同的各种组织。穆里斯及元朗（ 2001 ）建议的趋势在这个问题上的探索马航演化过程的各个阶段的一个组织的生命周期，并指出了不同条件的MAS正规化水平；根据穆里斯，组织调整，以不断变化的环境事实表示将他们安置在该公司的生命周期。
最后，根据文献的趋势从戈登和米勒的工作（ 1976年） ，该组织的变化影响公司马航结构。尤其是，管理战略，结构，风格各不相同系统在公司的生命周期，以保持一致性与外部环境。
出于这个原因，辩论马航之间的关系和公司的生命周期和组织之间的一致性和MAS设计是适时的。
6.求一篇关于机械设计论文的外文翻译 汽车方面的
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