众文网1.我要写关于中西方亲属称谓语的研究差异的论文,能不能提供一些书给
1、（英语系毕业论文）亲属称谓：英汉社会文化差异
2、（英语系毕业论文）英语与汉语中的称谓研究
3、（英语系毕业论文）中英称谓语的差异
munication failure）。
而语言是文化的载体，是文化的一部分，很大程度上反映了文化。谚语作为“民族文化之明镜”，来自于生活，更深刻地反映了民族文化特色，体现了人们的生产生活、思想观念、文化取向，具有持久的生命力、广泛的通俗性、生动的口语化的特点。
英国著名学者培根曾说过：“The genius, wit and spirit of a nation are discovered in its proverbs.”（一个民族的天才、智慧和精神，都可以在其谚语中发现。）本文将从汉英谚语入手谈谈中西文化在地理环境、宗教信仰、历史、文学传统、民族性格、思想观念等方面的差异。
二、地理环境 文化是在一定的自然环境里生发出来的。人们所生存的不同环境势必影响人 们的生活、生产方式，影响人们对客观外界的观察与思考。
人们以通俗形象的语言来讲述自己的生活体验，描述自然现象，总结生产实践，概括生产经验。这些语言口口相传，千锤百炼，成为大家喜闻乐诵的谚语。
这些谚语必然反映出自然环境的不同特征，带有鲜明的地域文化和生态文化的色彩。 英国是个岛国，四面环海，海岸线曲折多变，港湾楔入，岛屿众多。
这样的自然环境给英国人提供了舟楫之便。人们在长期的航运渔业生活中，创造出数以百计的英语谚语，反映他们对生活及大自然的体验和观察。
如： There's as good fish in the sea as ever come out of it.有了大海，还怕没鱼。 No fishing like fishing in the sea.捕鱼要到大海。
Who will not be ruled by the rudder must be ruled by the rock.船离舵，要闯祸。 A dog in the morning,sailors take warning; a dog in the night is the sailors' delight.朝虹出天际，水手心事重，夜间见彩虹，水手乐哈哈。
He goes a great voyage that goes to bottom of the sea.到达海底的人，才算做了一次远航。 特殊的地理环境形成了特有的岛国气候。
英国气候潮湿，天气变化大，岛上晴天少，雨天多，且多阵雨，因此，英国人出门常带把雨伞。由于英国天气变化无常的缘故，英国人非常关心天气，也喜欢谈论天气，并因此而产生了许多关于天气的谚语[1](P85): April weather, rain and shine both together.一边日出一边雨，晴雨无常四月天。
An English summer, three(or two)hot days and a thunderstorm.英国的一个夏季，三（两）个热天一阵大雷雨。 A misty morning may have a fine day.早晨有雾露，可能是晴天。
When the wind's in the west, the weather's at the best.风从西方起，天气最佳丽。 而处于另一个半球的中国则有着不同的地理自然风貌，中华文明发源于长江黄河流域，中国自古是典型的农耕社会，人们过着自给自足的农耕生活，农业是国民经济的重要支柱，农业在历代政府中都受到极大的重视。
因此产生了许多与农业相关的谚语。 如：庄稼百样巧，地是无价宝。
人勤地不懒，勤奋谷仓满。 田里无神无鬼，全靠肥料土水。
庄稼老汉不知闲，放下锄头拿扁担。 农夫不种田，城里断炊烟。
田像一块铁，在于人来打。[2](P240-241) 我国的天气谚语，从量上、质上，以及悠久的历史传统上，值得称道。
如“灶烟往下埋，不久雨就来”、“春天孩儿脸，一日变三变”、“太阳颜色黄，明日大风狂”、“久晴大雾必阴，久雨大雾必晴”、“夜里星光明，明朝仍旧晴”等等。[1](P85) 三、特定历史 每个民族都以不同的方式在人类历史的画卷中写着自己特定的历史。
从谚语中可以一窥历史风云变化。英国从十六世纪开始发展资本主义，经济迅速发展并逐渐开始迅速向海外扩张，掠夺资本主义原料，进行资本主义的原始积累。
Shoe-maker's wife goes bare feet.这句谚语正是出自于十六世纪资本主义新兴时期，小资本家拼命发家致富，属于手工业者的鞋匠们为积攒钱财，竟然连给妻子买鞋穿的钱都不舍得花。十七世纪起英国在东印度扩张，十八世纪中叶建立殖民统治。
He came safe from the East –India, and was drowned in the Thames.他从东印度安然归来，却淹死于泰晤士河。[3](P79)英国历史上曾遭到多次其他国家的入侵。
罗马统治期间，社会生活罗马化，拉丁语是官方、法律、商业和法律用语。丹麦人侵占期间，丹麦语也传入英国。
1066年法国诺曼底登陆后，英国为法国所征服。 法语很长时期成为英国的官方语言，贵族、朝臣、地主和上流社会都使用法语，如当时的英国国王爱德华是完全不会说英语的国王，因此有英谚云：Jack would be a gentleman if he could speak French.要是杰克能讲法语，那他就是个绅士了。
而三种语言交配混合到英语中，充实了英语语言，也带来了许多拉丁语、法语谚语。[1](P84) Anger is a short madness .愤怒是短暂的疯狂。
（拉丁语） Art is long, life is short. 艺术是无限，生命是有限的。（拉丁语。
3.关于中西文化差异的英语论文
In Chinese, "summer sorching summer," and "hot", with intense heat in summer. While in Shakespeare's sonnets in a poem have such a plan, I thee a bother /?" Thou art more lovely/domain and temperate (can I get you? / compared with summer than you, and as more lovely summer). The poet's compared to the summer, lovely and sweet-scented birk shades. "Summer" to the Chinese and British association was so different. Reason lies in geographic location, China is located in the Asian continent, belong to a continental climate, the four seasons, the most obvious feature of the summer is hot scorching, tough. Britain is located in north temperate climate, beautiful, summer, pleasant. And, of course, many examples of this aspect, for example, in the "dongfeng" make people think of warm sunny side, is called a person gutty icy flavor. While western opposite. Two reasons, in different geographic location, feel different. Second, productive labor English and aquaculture, ship relevant words very much, such as fish air (climb a tree to look for fish), an odd fish (the boat), to weirdo (miss), etc. This kind of words in Chinese is much less. Reason lies in the water, the aquatic product around the UK economy in the fishing industry and navigation in life, so many occupies an important position in such words. While in China only coastal areas and fishing nets are fishermen, these words are relatively few. To express "physical" luck with negative verbs in Chinese language has many, such as ", the Netherlands, pick up, back, and clothing, negative, and take "etc, every word has certain negative of things with (e.g., soil, water, box), is very close. In English, but only to a nearby the tuyuhun. The Chinese will this verb fine distinction, probably because in the long run China agricultural society, especially because of the many physical labor.。
4.英语论文范文《中西文化差异和中学生中式英语结构》
中西方文化差异一`语言差异 在中国人的心目中，"夏日炎炎"、“火辣夏日”，夏天总与酷暑炎热联系在一起。
而在莎翁的一首十四行诗中却有这样的诗句，Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?/Thou art more lovely and more temperate.（我能不能拿夏天同你相比？/你啊，比夏天来得可爱和照。） 诗人把情人比作夏天，可爱而温煦。
"夏天" 带给中国人和英国人的联想竟是如此的迥异。原因就在于所处的地理位置不同，中国位于亚洲大陆，属于大陆性气候，四季分明，夏天最明显的特征便是骄阳似火，炎热难熬。
而英国位于北温带，属海洋性气候，夏天明媚温和，令人惬意。当然还有很多这方面的例子，例如，在汉语中的 "东风" 使人想到温暖和煦，西风则叫人有种寒风刺骨的味道。
而在西方则相反。原因也是一样，两地所处地理位置不同，带来感觉就不同 。
二、生产劳动 英语中与水产、航船有关的词语非常多，如 fish in the air （缘木求鱼 ）、an odd fish（怪人）、miss the boat （错过机会） 等。汉语中这类词语就少得多。
原因在于英国四周环水、水产捕捞业和航海业在其经济生活中占有重要地位，故而多此类词语。而在中国只有沿海地区才有渔民结网捕鱼，所以该类词语相对较少。
要表达“用体力负运东西" 的动词在汉语中有许多，如 "扛、荷、挑、担、抬、背、驮、负、提、挎" 等，每个词都有一定的负运的东西与之相应（如，挑土、担水、提箱子），真是细密之极。在英语中却只有一个 carry来泛指这个动作。
汉语之所以将这个动词细加区分，大概因为中国长期处于农业社会，体力劳动特别多的缘故。 汉语中我们会遇到"像老黄牛一样干活" 、"气壮如牛 " 等词 ，英语中要表达同样的意思，会说 work like a horse, as strong as a horse, flog a willing horse 。
为什么汉语用 "牛 " 而英语用horse 呢？ 答案是中国人向来用牛来耕田种地，早期的英国人却用马来耕作。牛和马在生产过程中分别分成了两国人的好帮手，博得了人们的好感，词语中也就有了如上用法。
三、风俗习惯 1、称谓及称呼： 学习英语时，我们发现英语中的称谓名称比汉语中的要少得多。例如，英语中cousin一词，对应于汉语的表兄、表弟、表姐和表妹等。
我们看到，汉语把表亲关系区分得非常严格，既要说出性别，又要分出大小，根本不像英语笼统一个词了事。这种语言现象的产生归因于中国二、三千年之久的封建统治。
这种封建社会高度重视血缘关系，特别强调等级间的差异，提倡长幼、尊卑有序。亲属关系亲疏，长幼和性别等万面不同，权力和义务也随着出现区别， 故称谓区分得严格而细密。
英语中的称谓为数不多 ， 除 dad, mum, grandpa, aunt, uncle等几个称谓经常使用外，其它的几乎都不用。在英美国家，人们的相互称呼在中国人看来有违情理，且不礼貌，没教养。
比如： 小孩子不把爷爷奶奶称作grandpa和grandma，而是直呼其名，这种做法却是得体，亲切、合乎常埋的，年轻人称老年人，只在其姓氏前加 Mr, Mrs 或Miss。他们这些做法体现了西方人追求人人平等的思想，在他们眼中，称谓本身就意味着不平等。
2、敬语谦词： 像称谓一样，英语中的敬语谦词也远远少于汉语。在英语中，不管对方年龄多大，地位多高，you 就是 you,I 就是 I，用不着像汉语那样用许多诸如 "您、局长、工程师 " 等敬语。
汉语产生这种现象的原因之一还是中国封建社会等级森严的宗法制度。它要求人们跟长辈或上级、甚至同辈说话时，要用敬语，否则就认为用词不当而失礼，甚至显得高傲；谈及自己时则要用谦词，如不使用，也会被认为没有礼貌。
另一原因，便是中国人几千年来的传统思想的影响，不愿突出自己，总认为"谦虚" 是一种美德。而在英语中这类词较少的原因有两个： 一是西方人喜爱追求平等，二是他们长期以来尊重个人价值，乐于表现自己，强调培养个人自信心。
受以上观念的支配，中西方人接受赞扬、祝贺时的反应也明显有很大区别。中国人听此类话语后会说一类谦虚的话语，而西方人则会毫不犹豫地说： “ Thank you”我曾从报上看到过这样一则笑话，在一次舞会上，一位美国人赞扬一位中国女士说：“You look very beautiful today （你今天很漂亮） 。”
这位中国女士赶忙谦虚地说：Where（哪里 ）， where（哪里 ）." 而这位美国人感到非常奇怪，然后只好说了句： everywhere（到处）。" 根据西方人的习惯，当他们赞扬别人时，总希望别人以道谢或爽快接受的方式作答，否则他们会误解为对方对自己的判断力表示怀疑。
而东方则比较谦虚、谨慎，即使心里非常高兴，也不会坦然认同或接受对方的赞扬。 又如学术刊物上发表的文献或论文的标题。
汉语文章的标题除说明文章的内容外，往往有表示谦虚的字眼。如"浅谈…… " 、"试论……" 、"、“……初探" 等，而英语文章的标题常常是直截了当，不加任何修饰，如 Science and Linguistics （《科学与语言》） 。
3、个人隐私：对大多数西方人来说，向陌生人或不大熟悉的人提出 How old are you? How much do you make? Are you married？ 等谈及年龄、收入、婚姻状况、宗教信仰、家庭情况等。
5.有没有写过中英文化差异方面的英语毕业论文~
这是未修改的！前言结论部分Preface : Implement open policy, expand external trade , it is countries all over the world that move towards the modernized only way. After World War II, Japan , West Germany economic rejuvenation and prosperity, mainly depended on developing foreign trade to a great extent, utilize the foreign capitals and introduce technology. Developing countries are for instance Argentina, India , Mexico , Brazil , Singapore ,etc., since the sixties of the 20th century, export trade has increased too quickly. The foreign trade of countries , such as Russia , eastern Europe ,etc. is increasing constantly too, and introduce the key equipment and technology from the western countries, have promoted the development of national economy. Drawing the experience of the western countries, we must take the road to opening to the outside world unswervingly , because it is the only way of economic development of various countries, we should be from this question of great attention of strategy. Since entering 1990s, since the end of cold war between east and west, the momentum of the trade internationalization was held more and more, the barrier of international trade is removed, new International Trade Organization set up in succession, the certain areas have already broken through the restriction of the national boundaries and formed the united market . The constant development of international trade, has presented the new characteristic Conclusion: These new characteristics of international trade are the objective response that the economic globalization is being deepened constantly. The global survey report that the global investment prospect of The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development of the United Nations predicts the system shows, the global foreign direct investment question expert of overwhelming majority , trans-corporation and investment promote the organizations to all predict, within short middle period in the future, the global foreign flow of direct investment will show a tendency to increase, overall arrangement that this will change international trade and flow into and divide the work with the industry deeply further. The trade revenue and expenditure divided with the national boundaries can't already reflect the balanced state of trade in the realistic economic life , interdependence and factor of rubing run side by side and increase thereupon , and the mechanism construction of global trade lags behind seriously, the stability influencing world commerce to increase on quite great degree, may become the great factor of restricting steady development of the world economy and trade .。
6.有没有写过中英文化差异方面的英语毕业论文~
这是未修改的！前言结论部分Preface : Implement open policy, expand external trade , it is countries all over the world that move towards the modernized only way. After World War II, Japan , West Germany economic rejuvenation and prosperity, mainly depended on developing foreign trade to a great extent, utilize the foreign capitals and introduce technology. Developing countries are for instance Argentina, India , Mexico , Brazil , Singapore ,etc., since the sixties of the 20th century, export trade has increased too quickly. The foreign trade of countries , such as Russia , eastern Europe ,etc. is increasing constantly too, and introduce the key equipment and technology from the western countries, have promoted the development of national economy. Drawing the experience of the western countries, we must take the road to opening to the outside world unswervingly , because it is the only way of economic development of various countries, we should be from this question of great attention of strategy. Since entering 1990s, since the end of cold war between east and west, the momentum of the trade internationalization was held more and more, the barrier of international trade is removed, new International Trade Organization set up in succession, the certain areas have already broken through the restriction of the national boundaries and formed the united market . The constant development of international trade, has presented the new characteristic Conclusion: These new characteristics of international trade are the objective response that the economic globalization is being deepened constantly. The global survey report that the global investment prospect of The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development of the United Nations predicts the system shows, the global foreign direct investment question expert of overwhelming majority , trans-corporation and investment promote the organizations to all predict, within short middle period in the future, the global foreign flow of direct investment will show a tendency to increase, overall arrangement that this will change international trade and flow into and divide the work with the industry deeply further. The trade revenue and expenditure divided with the national boundaries can't already reflect the balanced state of trade in the realistic economic life , interdependence and factor of rubing run side by side and increase thereupon , and the mechanism construction of global trade lags behind seriously, the stability influencing world commerce to increase on quite great degree, may become the great factor of restricting steady development of the world economy and trade .。
7.中英文化差异的论文
中英饮食差异中文 中西方的饮食方式有很大不同，这种差异对民族性格也有影响。
在中国，任何一个宴席，不管是什么目的，都只会有一种形式，就是大家团团围坐，共享一席。筵席要用圆桌，这就从形式上造成了一种团结、礼貌、共趣的气氛。
美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心，它既是一桌人欣赏、品尝的对象，又是一桌人感情交流的媒介物。人们相互敬酒、相互让菜、劝菜，在美好的事物面前，体现了人们之间相互尊重、礼让的美德。
虽然从卫生的角度看，这种饮食方式有明显的不足之处，但它符合我们民族“大团圆”的普遍心态，反映了中国古典哲学中“和”这个范畴对后代思想的影响，便于集体的情感交流，因而至今难以改革。 西式饮宴上，食品和酒尽管非常重要，但实际上那是作为陪衬。
宴会的核心在于交谊，通过与邻座客人之间的交谈，达到交谊的目的。如果将宴会的交谊性与舞蹈相类比，那么可以说，中式宴席好比是集体舞，而西式宴会好比是男女的交谊舞。
由此可见，中式宴会和西式宴会交谊的目的都很明显，只不过中式宴会更多地体现在全席的交谊，而西式宴会多体现于相邻宾客之间的交谊。与中国饮食方式的差异更为明显的是西方流行的自助餐。
此法是：将所有食物一一陈列出来，大家各取所需，不必固定在位子上吃，走动自由，这种方式便于个人之间的情感交流，不必将所有的话摆在桌面上，也表现了西方人对个性、对自我的尊重。但各吃各的，互不相扰，缺少了一些中国人聊欢共乐的情调。
所以，归根结底还是感性与理性之间的差异。但是，这种差异似乎在随着科学的发展而变的模糊。
越来越多的中国人以不再只注重菜的色、香、味，而更注重它的卫生与营养了。尤其是在经历了非典以后。
还有，人们因为越来越繁忙的工作，觉得中餐做起来太麻烦，不如来个汉堡方便等。这样一来在饮食上差异也就不太分明了。
ENGLISH Center the western diet way has very greatly differently, thiskind of difference is also influential to the national disposition. InChina, any banquet, no matter is any goal, all only can have one kindof form, is everybody sits in a circle all round, shares. The banquetmust use the round table, this formally has created one kind ofunity, politeness, altogether the interest atmosphere. The delicacydelicacies put on table of people's centers, it not only is the objectwhich table of people appreciates, tastes, also is a table of peoplesentiments exchange intermedium. The people mutually propose a toast,mutually offer food to a guest, urge the vegetable, in front of thehappy thing, has manifested the moral excellence which between thepeople mutually respects, gives precedence out of courtesy. Althoughlooked from the hygienic angle, this diet way has the obviousdeficiency, but it conforms to our nationality "the happy ending" theuniversal point of view, had reflected in the Chinese classicalphilosophy "and" this category to the descendant thought influence, isadvantageous for the collective emotion exchange, thus until now withdifficulty reforms. Western-style banquets, food and liquor although count for much, butin fact that takes the set-off. The banquet core lies in thefriendship, through with the adjacent seat visitor's betweenconversation, achieves the friendship the goal. If and the danceresembles the banquet friendship compared to, then may say, theChinese type banquet is just like is a group dance, but thewestern-style banquet is just like is men's and women's socialdancing. Thus it can be seen, the Chinese type banquet and thewestern-style banquet friendship goal very is all obvious, onlyChinese type banquet more terrains now complete meal friendship, butthe western-style banquet manifests much between the neighboringguest's friendship. Is the western popular buffet is more obviouswhich with the Chinese diet way difference. This law is: Will possessfood 11 to exhibit, everybody 各取所需， will not need to fix onthe seat eats, takes a walk the freedom, this way will be advantageousfor between individual emotion exchange, will not will certainly allspeeches to suspend on the tabletop, also has displayed the westernperson to the individuality, to the self- respect. But respectivelyeats each, mutually did not harass, lacks some Chinese to chat thehappy altogether happy affective tone. Therefore, in the final analysis or between perceptual and rationaldifference. But, this kind of difference as if in the fuzziness whichchanges along with the science development. More and more many Chineseby no longer only pay great attention to the vegetable the color, thefragrance, the taste, but paid great attention to its health and thenutrition. In has experienced after in particular the non- standard.Also, the people because of the more and more busy work, thought theChinese meal starts too troubles, was inferior to 。
8.有谁能给我提供几个有关《中英称谓语的差异及其文化背景》的有关文
摘 要：英汉亲属称谓词在区分宗族与非宗族、父系与母系、长幼辈分、姻亲与血亲、派生词的使用、泛化方面有明显的区别；在社会称谓中， 汉语表达的词汇相对丰富，敬语与谦语的使用也更频繁。
造成这种现象的差异是两民族的历史、生育观念、友谊观念和信仰观念结构的不同。从英汉称谓的差异进一步揭示到其背后文化的差异，以便更好地进行英汉跨文化的交际。
关键词：亲属称谓、社会称谓、文化差异 汉英语言文化的差异导致两种称谓系统的不同。如果直接把汉语称谓语移植到英语中，往往会引起意想不到的文化困惑甚至震惊。
称谓语属于社会语言的范畴，人们的日常交际和文学作品中大量使用。语言是文化的载体，是反映文化的一面镜子，因而不同文化由于历史传统，民族心理等差异导致了称谓语的不同。
了解汉英称谓的差异，探究差异背后的社会文化根源对于跨文化交际者十分重要。 根据《现代汉语词典》的解释，“称谓”是指“人们由于亲属和别的方面的相互关系，以及由于身份、职业等而得来的名称。”
一般说来，称谓可分为亲属称谓和社交称谓两大类型。 一 从亲属称谓看英汉称谓语的文化差异 1.亲属称谓 亲属称谓指的是以本人为中心确定亲族成员和本人关系的名称，是基于血亲姻亲基础上的亲属之间相互称呼的名称、叫法。
它是以本人为轴心的确定亲属与本人关系的标志。由于人类的繁衍生息是相通的，各个民族都具有表示家庭成员关系的亲属称谓系统总体来说，汉语称谓语要比英语称谓语繁杂细致得多。
1.1 汉英亲属称谓异同 在现代汉语中，亲属称谓大都能把其身份表明一览无余，如辈份（父辈：伯、舅；同辈：哥、妹、堂弟），父系或母系（姑、姨），直系或傍系（孙、侄孙），年龄的大小（叔、伯、哥、弟）及血亲或姻亲（哥、嫂子、姐、姐夫）。而英语里的此类称谓则比较笼统、模糊，一词多义，覆盖面广。
除了辈份清楚外，其他关系只能从上下文中仔细推敲或当面询问。如sister姐妹同为一词，年龄大小不分；grandmother既指奶奶也指外婆，父系、母系不分；uncle可指叔、伯、舅、姑父，年龄、父系、母系不分。
英语中的cousin一词更是无所不能，它不但年龄、父系、母系不分，连性别也不分，囊括了堂兄、堂弟、堂姐、堂妹、表哥、表弟、表姐、表妹等一系列汉语称谓。要准确地翻译这个词，必须置之于语境中考察。
家庭成员之间，中国风俗兄弟姐妹一般按长幼称呼，如大哥、三弟、四妹等。而说英语的国家则习惯于互叫名字。
许多人甚至直接用名来称呼父母的兄弟姐妹。对西方人来说，辈份的高低是不十分重要的。
汉语亲属称谓系统繁复多样，且直系与旁系、血亲与姻亲、长辈与晚辈、年长与年幼、男性与女性、近亲与远亲等都严加规范，一一区分，其语义功能之细密、描述之精确，令人叹为观止。相比之下，英语亲属称谓则相对贫乏，而且指称宽泛、语义模糊，除区分辈分外，亲疏、内外、长幼都可忽略不计。
1.2 汉语亲属称谓的泛化 汉民族对亲属称谓系统如此细密的语言分割，与强调以血缘关系为基础的封建宗族制度紧密相关；而英语亲属称谓系统的粗疏模糊，与他们简单的核心家庭结构也不无关系。另外，现代汉语亲属称谓的泛化使用也极具中国特色，这种称谓亲切温暖，能有效地缩短交际者之间的距离。
但如果套用到英语中，效果只会适得其反，因为英语的亲属称谓一般只限于家庭内部。在汉语中，出于礼貌，我们常用“爷爷”、“奶奶”来称呼素不相识的年长者，用“叔叔”、“阿姨”来称呼与父母的朋友或与父母同辈的陌生人，这种用法在国外少见。
如果一个外国朋友参观我们幼儿园的时候被小朋友叫“阿姨好”的时候，她会丈二和尚摸不着头脑。如果我们回避这种文化差异的存在，而形成以自我民族文化传统为中心的心理定势或偏见，都会造成交际的障碍或失败。
二 英汉社交称谓对比 社交称谓是指除去亲属称谓以外的，反映人们在社会生活中相互关系的称谓习俗。社交称谓又分为非亲属称谓和语境称谓。
非亲属称谓是以社会生活中在“人”这个本位上，除去表示亲属关系的称谓而外的那些表示人际关系的称呼。 2.1 英语社交称谓的一般准则 单从称谓的多样性来说，英语比汉语略逊一筹。
在英语中，几乎都用Mr.+姓称呼男性，Miss+姓或Mrs.+配偶的姓来称呼女性，关系比较亲密的或者是受人之间可以直呼其名，而职称+姓氏或名这种称谓形式一般常用于对皇室成员、政府上层、宗教界、法律界和军界人士的称谓。如President Clinton（克林顿总统），Prince Charles（查尔斯亲王），Pope John（约翰教皇），Judge Jackson（杰克逊法官）。
一般常见的职称或职业+姓氏的称谓是Doctor和professor。如Dr. White（怀特博士）， Dr. Smith（史密斯大夫） 2.2 汉语社交称谓 汉语中的社会称谓，只要有衔头的，基本上都可用作称谓。
如石班长、张助理、吴科长、陈会计等。所有的职务：部长、省长、司长、厅长、校长、院长、厂长、经理等；军衔：上将、中将、中校、少尉等；职称：工程师、高工、教授、讲师、编审等；学位：博士；职业：医生、护士、。
9.论中西方称谓的文化差异
去百度文库，查看完整内容> 内容来自用户：larryliyu_ 论中西方称谓的文化差异Cultural Differences between East and West in kinship terms[摘 要]语言是文化的载体，称谓不仅是一种语言现象，更是一种文化现象，它从一个侧面反映了东西方文化的差异。
文章将中英称谓语分为亲属称谓和社会交际称谓，并分别从家庭结构和血统观念、社会制度和文化传统、等级制度、宗教信仰和价值观、宗法观念、礼貌原则等文化角度审视了这两种称谓在汉语和英语中的差异并揭示其中所隐含的文化意蕴。Abstract: Language is the carrier of culture , kinship term is not only a part of language but also a kind of culture. The differences between English and Chinese kinship terms reflect the cultural differences between East and West to some extend. This article will see the differences of kinship terms between Chinese and English , also reveal the cultural implication in it through depart the cultural differences lie in the family structure, consanguinity, patriarchy concept, culture adoption and courtesy principle.[关键词]中西方；称谓；文化差异Key words: East and West; kinship term; cultural difference“称谓”是人们由于亲属和别方面的相互关系，以及由于身份、职业等而得来的名称。
称谓是人类文明社会特有的事物，不仅仅纯粹是语言现象，它同人的行为、社会心理、文化传统、社会制度。
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