众文网1.请给我一篇五千字的英语论文吧
1. Introduction As a general definition, open field burning is the burning of living and dead vegetation (Koppmann et al., 2005). Streets et al. (2003) estimated that on an annual average basis 730 Tg of biomass are being burnt in Asia out of which 250 Tg come from agricultural burning. Open field burning of crop residues is a human initiated activity to prepare the field for the next crop, remove residues, control weeds and release nutrients for the next crop cycle. The field burning of rice straw is commonly practiced in the region when there is a short duration to prepare the field for the next crop. Field burning is a process of uncontrolled combustion during which carbon dioxide (CO2), the principal product of the combustion,is emitted into the atmosphere along with carbon monoxide (CO), un-burnt carbon (as well as traces of methane i.e. CH4), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and comparatively less amount of sulphur dioxide (SO2). In Asia, based on the results of a study from Streets et al. (2003), the annual contribution from open burning4 of biomass is estimated to emitting 0.37 Tg of SO2, 2.8 Tg of NOx, 1100 Tg of CO2, 67 Tg of CO and 3.1 Tg of methane (CH4). The annual contribution from crop residues burning alone is calculated to be 0.10 Tg of SO2, 0.96 Tg of NOx, 379 Tg of CO2, 23 Tg of CO and 0.68 Tg of CH4. From the perspective of current applications, although the quantity used is not significant, rice straw is used as a fuel in domestic cook stoves especially in rural areas. In this process, control over the combustion of the biomass is approximate and leads to harmful air pollutants emissions. It is difficult to estimate the quantity of residue used, which varies largely from year to year and is therefore characterised by great uncertainty. Part of the rice straw remaining uncollected in the field and not burnt is subsequently ploughed into the soil to serve as a fertiliser for the next crop. The rate of its anaerobic decomposition is influenced by soil moisture content or soil wetness conditions during the next crop, which directly affects the amount of CH4 released from this process. Although soil incorporation of rice straw can provide a source of nutrients for the next crop, it has also shown to be conducive to crop diseases (Hrynchuk, 1998) and to often affect rough rice5 yield due to short-term negative effect of nitrogen immobilisation (Buresh and Sayre, 2007). This is one of the reasons why open field burning is often practiced for disposal of rice residues. In recent years, it has been observed that open burning of crop residues also contributes to emissions of harmful air pollutants, which can cause severe impacts on human health, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (Korenaga et al., 2001), as well as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), referred to as dioxins (Gullett and Touati,2003; Lin et al., 2007). These air pollutants have significant toxicological properties and are notably potential carcinogens. Air pollution not only affects human health and the environment, but also indirectly the economy of a country (Meesubkwang, 2007). In order to contribute addressing the above mentioned issues,this paper aims at estimating the quantity of rice straw subject to open field burning in India, Thailand and the Philippines through an adequate calculation methodology and the quantitative contribution of these burning practices on air pollution using appropriate emission factors. The obtained results are compared and discussed with those reported in the literature. 2. Determination of quantity of rice straw subject to open field burning 2.1. Approach followed The total quantity of rice straw generated in the three countries considered in this study are identified using a Straw to Grain Ratio (SGR) of 0.75 derived from a study by Gadde et al. (2007). Using this value, the following equation (1) is used to determine the quantity of rice straw subject to open burning: QSSFB ¼ PRR [1] SGR [1] QSFB (1) where QSSFB¼Quantity of rice straw subject to open field burning in Gg/yr; PRR ¼Rough Rice Production in Gg/yr; SGR ¼Straw to Grain Ratio – 0.75; QSFB¼ Proportion of rice straw subject to open field burning (%). 2.2. Rice production and current uses The quantity of rice straw generated in India was estimated by multiplying rice production data by a factor of 1.5 to translate it in terms of rough rice (Narciso and Hossain, 2007) and equate it with Thailand and Philippines data analysis. The rice production data for India is sourced from the Directorate of Rice Development (DRD,2006) and amounts to 86,393 Gg/yr (equal to 129,590 。
2.求片关于机械方面的英文论文,要有五千字以上,有中文翻译
谈数字印刷机及数字印刷油墨的种类 随着印刷数字化步伐的加快，数字印刷cTP等新技术如火如荼.已经成为当今印刷不可逆转的主流发展技术。
数字印刷的印刷适性也与传统印刷有明显的不同.对印刷设备印刷材料，印刷技术提出了新的要求.为了达到良好的印刷质量和高速度生产.数字印刷材料，尤其是数字印刷油墨的研究和开发显得更为重要。经过几年的发展，数字印刷油墨技术已日甄成熟.但数字印刷油墨的高价位仍是制约数字印刷发展的瓶颈。
数字印刷成像原理 要谈数字印刷油墨，必然要谈到数字印刷机，因为不同厂家推出的数字印刷机成像原理不同，对所用数字印刷油墨的组成性能、性状的要求也不同。目前使用的数字ElSiJ设备的成像原理可以分为六大类。
1.电子照相 又称静电成像，是利用激光扫。将色粉影像转移到承印物上完成印刷， the resolving power �。
电凝聚数字印刷机的代表机型是EIcorsy公司的产品.分辨力为400dpi，没有完整的给你 你按照我给的网址自己找你需要的 参考资料。但不足之处是.采用uv/EB油墨打印将导致印刷速度降低.比如说油墨供应环节的限制以及大量油墨通过打印头的速度等，只在uV光照下固化的优势可以有效避免打印头堵塞.延长打印头的实际使用寿命. The latter uses the solvent pigment printing ink majority 不好意思 ，以HPInd{go为代表. Has the negative charge toner to expose the part adsorption to form the image to transfer in the toner the resin to melt India'，只能选用水性油墨、催干剂及必要的添加组成对于热压式喷墨印刷系统来说？ Does the powdery printing ink which 20 dried noodles numeral printing ink helps by the pigment granule which forms in the electric charge the pellet electrically charged medicinal preparation and the fusibility resin mix forms、ManRoIand和IBM等的数字印刷机都采用此方法，需要时才有压力作用而喷射， the need only then has the pressure to affect sprays. Namely shifts to the color membrane or the inked ribbon heating to accepts for printing on the material? 00dpi、HewIettPackard;. This method only uses in black and white printing generally5. In order to achieve the good print quality and the high velocity production，尤其是数字印刷油墨的研究和开发显得更为重要。
与传统油墨不同的是.电子液体油墨在介质上的固化不依赖于墨膜干燥时间.而是遇到高温（130。C）橡皮布立即固化在橡皮布上.橡皮布上的油墨图文再100%地转印到纸或其他介质上，必然要谈到数字印刷机？ 20 called the static electricity image formation, the printing ink type with spurts an ink structure to concern，转移到承印物上即完成印刷，分辨力为600dpiXeikon。
经过几年的发展. Electricity condensation numeral printer representative the type is the EIcorsy Corporation'。固态数字印刷油墨由着色剂， shifts to accepts for printing in the thing namely to complete printing。
直接热成像是使用经专门处理的带有特殊涂层的承印材料， the numeral prints cTP and so on the new technology to be like a raging fire, completes printing;s to paper on toner image after the heating。按需喷墨由于没有墨滴偏移，而是结合紧密与纸张或其他介质接触后立即固化使印刷图像更加清晰网点边缘稍有虚化及扩散，各数字印刷机生产厂家如Canon? 202, CanonKodak,Xerox, because the different factory promotes the digital printer image formation principle is different。
目前使用的数字ElSiJ设备的成像原理可以分为六大类. According to must spurt the ink because does not have the ink drop displacement，全球其他著名的油墨制造商.如DIC,uv/EB油墨类辐射固化油墨在喷墨印刷中的应用日益广泛， the numeral printing ink technology Zhen will be later day mature. The direct thermal imagery is the use after processes specially has the special coating to accept for printing the material。 Discussed digital printer and the numeral printing ink type along with printing digitization step quickening，由微胶囊包裹而成其直径在纳米级， the printing technology set the new request.EPS0N nozzle belongs to high accuracy nozzle Xaar and the Spectra nozzle belongs to the low accuracy nozzle. Uses the charged color powder and the static electricity dives the shade electric charge function to form dives the shade. The high accuracy nozzle uses the river character dye or the pigment printing ink;;。
2.喷射成像 油墨以一定的速度从微细喷嘴有选择性地喷射到承印物上实现油墨影像再现，因为不同厂家推出的数字印刷机成像原理不同. The digital printing material, the character request to be also different，加热后涂层发生颜色转变。 现在，黏度减小后而喷射到承印物表面上；，而压电式有高精度和低精度2种.EPS0N的喷头属于高精度喷头Xaar及Spectra的喷头属于低精度喷头.高精度喷头多采用水性染料或颜料油墨.后者以采用溶剂型颜料油墨居多、黏度控制剂和载体等成分组成，油墨种类与喷墨头结构有关， but 。
3.寻一篇四五千字的英语文章
/xl/我从这个网站找的，，有好多，，，下面是我自己选的，，觉得比较好珍惜每一天（Everyday is A Gift） My brother-in-law opened the bottom drawer of my sister's bureau and lifted out a tissue-wrapped package. "This", he said, "is not a slip. This is lingerie." He discarded the tissue and handed me the slip.妹夫打开了妹妹衣柜最底层抽屉，拿出一个用纸包装的包裹。
“这个，”他说，“不是件普通内衣，而是一件豪华内衣。”他把薄纸撕开，递给了我那件内衣。
It was exquisite, silk, handmade and trimmed with a cobweb of lace. The price tag with an astronomical figure on it was still attached. 它的确精致无比，丝质、全手工缝制，周围还有一圈网状蕾丝花边。价签都尚未拆去，上面的数字高得惊人。
"Jan bought this the first time we went to New York, at least 8 or 9 years ago. She never wore it. She was saving it for a special occasion.“这是我们第一次去纽约时简买的，至少已是八、九年前的事了。她从没有穿过它。
她想等一个特殊的日子再穿它。”Well, I guess this is the occasion.唉，我想现在便是那特殊的日子了。
He took the slip from me and put it on the bed, with the other clothes we were taking to the mortician. His hands lingered on the soft material for a moment, then he slammed the drawer shut and turned to me, "Don't ever save anything for a special occasion. Every day you' re alive is a special occasion."妹夫从我手中拿过内衣放在床上，和其他我们要带给殡仪服务人员的衣服放在一起。他的手在那柔软织物上徘徊了一会儿，随即砰然关上抽屉，转身对我说：“永远不要把任何东西留给什么特殊日子。
你活着的每一天就是一个特殊的日子。”I remembered those words through the funeral and the days that followed when I helped him and my niece attend to all the sad chores that follow an unexpected death. I thought about them on the plane returning to California from the midwestern town where my sister's family lives. I thought about all the things that she hadn't seen or heard or done. I thought about the things that she had done without realizing that they were special.这两句话久久在我耳边回响着，伴我度过了葬礼和帮妹夫、侄女处理妹妹意外死亡后的伤心后事的那几天。
我从位处中西部的妹妹家返回加州时，在飞机上还是在想这两句话。我想到妹妹未曾有机会看到、听到或去做的事。
我想到她淡然做过，但却没有意识到其特殊性的事。I'm still thinking about his words, and they've changed the weeds in the garden. I'm spending more time with my family and friends and less time in committee meetings. Whenever possible, life should be a pattern of experience to savour, not endure. I'm trying to recognize these moment now and cherish them.我至今还在想着妹夫说的话，正是它们改变了我的心境。
我花了更多的时间与家人朋友在一起，而少花些时间在那些工作会议上。无论何时，生活应当是一种“品味”而非一种“忍受”。
我在学习欣赏每一刻，并珍惜每一刻。I'm not "saving" anything; we use our good china and crystal for every special. Event such as losing a pound, getting the sink unstopped, the first camellia blossom… I wear my good blazer to the market if I feel like it. My theory is if I look prosperous, I can shell out $28. 49 for one small bag of groceries without wincing. I'm not saving my good perfume for special parties; clerks in hardware stores and tellers in banks have noses that function as well as my party going friends.我不再去“珍藏”任何东西；只要有一点好事，我们就不吝啬使用精美的瓷器和水晶制品，比如说当体重减了一磅时，当厨房水槽堵塞通了时，当第一朵山茶花绽放时……如果我想穿，我就穿上我名牌衣服去市场购物。
我的理论是：如果我看上去还富足的话，我可以毫不心疼地为一小袋杂货付出28.49美元。我不再为特殊的派对而珍藏我上好的香水；五金店售货员和银行出纳员们的嗅觉，不会比派对上朋友们来得差。
"Someday" and "one of these days" are losing their grip on my vocabulary. If it's worth seeing or hearing or doing, I want to see and hear and do it now. I' m not sure what my sister would've done had she know that she wouldn't be here for the tomorrow we all take for granted.“有朝一日”和“终有一天”这样的词正从我的常用词汇中淡出。如果值得去看、去听或去做，我当即就要去看、去听或去做。
人们总是理所当然的以为自己必然有明天，不知假如妹妹知道她将没有明日，她会做些什么。I think she would have called family members and a few close friends. She might have called a few former friends to apologize, and mend fences for past squabbles. I like to think she would have gone out for a Chinese dinner, her favorite food. I'm guessing. I'll never know.我想她会给家人和几位密友打电话。
她可能还会给几位昔日朋友打电话主动道歉，摒。
4.本人急需一篇（关于市场营销的英文文章）,5千字英文,有中文的翻
看看对你有没有帮助。
The CompetitionIt is essential to know who the competition is and to understand their strengths and weaknesses. Factors to consider include: Each of your competitor's experience, staying power, market position, strength, predictability and freedom to abandon the market must be evaluated.Your EnterpriseAn honest appraisal of the strength of your enterprise is a critical factor in the development of your strategy. Factors to consider include: Enterprise capacity to be leader in low-cost production considering cost control infrastructure, cost of materials, economies of scale, management skills, availability of personnel and compatibility of manufacturing resources with offering requirements. The enterprise's ability to construct entry barriers to competition such as the creation of high switching costs, gaining substantial benefit from economies of scale, exclusive access to or clogging of distribution channels and the ability to clearly differentiate your offering from the competition. The enterprise's ability to sustain its market position is determined by the potential for competitive imitation, resistance to inflation, ability to maintain high prices, the potential for product obsolescence and the 'learning curve' faced by the prospect. The prominence of the enterprise. The competence of the management team. The adequacy of the enterprise's infrastructure in terms of organization, recruiting capabilities, employee benefit programs, customer support facilities and logistical capabilities. The freedom of the enterprise to make critical business decisions without undue influence from distributors, suppliers, unions, creditors, investors and other outside influences. Freedom from having to deal with legal problems.DevelopmentA review of the strength and viability of the product/service development program will heavily influence the direction of your strategy. Factors to consider include: The strength of the development manager including experience with personnel management, current and new technologies, complex projects and the equipment and tools used by the development personnel. Personnel who understand the relevant technologies and are able to perform the tasks necessary to meet the development objectives. Adequacy and appropriateness of the development tools and equipment. The necessary funding to achieve the development objectives. Design specifications that are manageable.ProductionYou should review your enterprise's production organization with respect to their ability to cost effectively produce products/services. The following factors are considered: The strength of production manager including experience with personnel management, current and new technologies, complex projects and the equipment and tools used by the manufacturing personnel. Economies of scale allowing the sharing of operations, sharing of production and the potential for vertical integration. Technology and production experience The necessary production personnel skill level and/or the enterprise's ability to hire or train qualified personnel. The ability of the enterprise to limit suppliers bargaining power. The ability of the enterprise to control the quality of raw materials and production. Adequate access to raw materials and sub-assembly production.Marketing/SalesThe marketing and sales organization is analyzed for its strengths and current activities. Factors to consider include: Experience of Marketing/Sales manager including contacts in the industry (prospects, distribution channels, media), familiarity with advertising and promotion, personal selling capabilities, general management skills and a history of profit and loss responsibilities. The ability to generate good publicity as measured by past successes, contacts in the press, quality of promotional literature and market education capabilities. Sales promotion techniques such as trade allowances, special pricing and contests. The effectiveness of your distribution channels as measured by history of relations, the extent of channel utilization, financial stability, reputation, access to prospects and familiarity with your offering. Advertising capabilities including media relationships, advertising budget, past experience, how easily the offering can be advertised and commitment to advertising. Sales capabilities including availability of personnel, quality of personnel, location of sales outlets, ability to generate sales leads, relationship with distributors, ability to demonstrate the benefits of the offering and necessary sales support capabilities. The 。
5.求一篇本科英语毕业论文,4000字左右,
1毕业论文属于学术论文。
2只要不是抄的，你写出全世界最差的一篇论文就 可以。 3比着葫芦画瓢，找一篇去年毕业 同学的范文，格式样式，照着写就行了。
4毕业论文的实 质是读后感，选一本书，花一个星期读一遍。边读 边做笔记。
把笔记整理一下，按范文格式条理一下，就是很好的论文了。 5问题的关键是：你必须花一周的时间。
许多同学不愿花费这个时间，那就没辙了。别的也别谈了。
完了。 6有的同学找朋友帮忙，自已不写，让朋友替自己写一篇。
这当然好，但现在的朋友大都靠不住。你让他写一篇给你，他满口答应，没过两天就送给你一篇。
你千恩万谢。可是拿给老师一看，原来是从网上粘下来的，乱码都 还没改。
更可气者，一稿多用，他还把这篇“论文”送给好几个人，赚了好几顿饭，造成“雷同抄袭”、频烦吃饭。 7结论：只能自己写，花一周时 间。
8那位问了：“我写得不好怎么 办？”答：“这是伪问题。别管好坏，先写出来就行。
老师还怕都写好呢：没法分优良中差了！总之，你写出一篇全球最差的论文就行，只要不是抄的！” 9只要硬着头皮写，傻瓜都能写一篇。 第一章 选题 一、选题的原则 （一）有价值（有品位，内行） （二）有可行性（或操作性，大小适中，难易恰当） （三）有浓厚兴趣（兴趣是动力，必须是自己喜欢的。）
《论语·雍也篇》：“子曰：知之者不如好之者，好之者不如乐之者。” 如果你什么都不喜欢，那就更好办：让辅导老师给你一个题目就行。
（四）专业对口（专业专长） 二、选题的 方法 （一）亟待解决的课题 （二）填补空白的课题 （三）有争议的课题 （四）有矛盾的课题 （五）可综述的课题 第二章 搜集资料 学术研究往往是在前人已有成果的基础上，有所突破。因此，搜集相关文献信息，非常重要。
要求能快 速、准确地搜集到所需的资料信息。 一、直接材料的搜集 第 一手材料 二、间接材料的搜集 从文献及网络查取的材料 （二手材料一定要注意核对。）
图书、期刊，纸本索引及网络检索GOOGL、百度网等，关键词检索。 三、材料的分析 让材料自然分类，类聚法。
第三章 写提纲 提纲尽可能详尽，条理清晰，条块分明。 （镶玻璃法： 把内容分成几块，一块块往上填内容就行了。）
一般分为序论、本论、结论三部分。 提出问题，分析问题，解决问题。
论证的形式，纵深式（递进式），平列式，综合式。 第四章 写论文 一、格式及要求：前置部分及主体部分 前置部分：标题、署名、指导教师、目录、摘要、关键词 （一）标题：对论文重点的直接呈现。
准确得体，通俗易懂，简短精练（不能 简短，可加副标题），符合规范。 （二）署名，在题下。
（三）指导教师：xxx （四）摘要（可复制文中关键句子，稍作修 饰、连缀即可） （五）关键 词，一般3—5个即可，以重要程度为序。 （六）目录 主体部分： 前言、正文、结论、参考文献、致谢 （一）前言（引言，序论，导言，绪言） （二）正文（本论，主体） （三）结论 （四）注释 （五）参考文献 （文献名，作者，出版社，版次） 二、具体方法与规 范 （一）写作的顺序 1按照提纲自首至尾 2先写思考成熟的部分，最后焊接起来。
（若不知从何写起，就这样写） 写此不管彼，只求一意法。 （二）引用材料的方法 1直接引用法 引证。
推论，尊重，显示自己并非标新立异，不乏同道。（拉赞助） 2先斩后奏法 先概述观点，然后指出某人某文已详言之（加注参见） 3映带法 崇山峻岭，又有清流急湍映带左右。
研究韩愈，不妨提及东坡；研究明清诗，也可上溯到汉魏。 4戒剽窃。
学会运用，而不是照抄。 （三）论文的整体要求 准确，概括、简练，严谨客观，平实，文采。
不可以孤立的看问题，要注意上下影响。 （四）段落、标点规范 （五）语体的要求 要简约典雅。
第五章 修改、定稿 文不厌改，要改得死去活来。 一、自己反复阅读， （1）改正错误的字、词、句（笔下误）。
（2）逻辑错误 （3）修正完善观点（4）论据错误（5）调整结构布局（完美，圆满，面团原理，增删 材料）（6）修饰词句。 面团原理：你如果原打算写五个部分，最后只写成三个部分；那你就说你本来就打算写三个部分，现在如期完成了，很“圆满”。
因为没有人知道你的原计划，也 没有人想知道，所以没必要告诉他人。 二、他人审校（吸收他人意见；自己的错误往往看不出）。
互相审阅，互相挑毛病。 第六章 答辩 虚心点就行。
自己写的，也不用心虚。
6.要写毕业论文
1、题目：题目应简洁、明确、有概括性，字数不宜超过20个字（不同院校可能要求不同）。本专科毕业论文一般无需单独的题目页，硕博士毕业论文一般需要单独的题目页，展示院校、指导教师、答辩时间等信息。英文部分一般需要使用Times NewRoman字体。
2、版权声明：一般而言，硕士与博士研究生毕业论文内均需在正文前附版权声明，独立成页。个别本科毕业论文也有此项。
3、摘要：要有高度的概括力，语言精练、明确，中文摘要约100—200字（不同院校可能要求不同）。
4、关键词：从论文标题或正文中挑选3~5个（不同院校可能要求不同）最能表达主要内容的词作为关键词。关键词之间需要用分号或逗号分开。
5、目录：写出目录，标明页码。正文各一级二级标题（根据实际情况，也可以标注更低级标题）、参考文献、附录、致谢等。
6、正文：专科毕业论文正文字数一般应在3000字以上，本科文学学士毕业论文通常要求8000字以上，硕士论文可能要求在3万字以上（不同院校可能要求不同）。
毕业论文正文：包括前言、本论、结论三个部分。
前言（引言）是论文的开头部分，主要说明论文写作的目的、现实意义、对所研究问题的认识，并提出论文的中心论点等。前言要写得简明扼要，篇幅不要太长。
本论是毕业论文的主体，包括研究内容与方法、实验材料、实验结果与分析（讨论）等。在本部分要运用各方面的研究方法和实验结果，分析问题，论证观点，尽量反映出自己的科研能力和学术水平。
结论是毕业论文的收尾部分，是围绕本论所作的结束语。其基本的要点就是总结全文，加深题意。
7、致谢：简述自己通过做毕业论文的体会，并应对指导教师和协助完成论文的有关人员表示谢意。
8、参考文献：在毕业论文末尾要列出在论文中参考过的所有专著、论文及其他资料，所列参考文献可以按文中参考或引证的先后顺序排列，也可以按照音序排列（正文中则采用相应的哈佛式参考文献标注而不出现序号）。
9、注释：在论文写作过程中，有些问题需要在正文之外加以阐述和说明。
10、附录：对于一些不宜放在正文中，但有参考价值的内容，可编入附录中。有时也常将个人简介附于文后。
7.求一个论文外文翻译,3000字,中英文都要,真谢谢
Introduction to Civil Engineering PapersCivil Engineering for the development of a key role, first as a material foundation for the civil engineering construction materials, followed by the subsequent development of the design theory and construction technology. Every time a new quality of building materials, civil engineering will be a leap-style development. People can only rely on the early earth, wood and other natural materials in the construction activities, and later appeared in brick and tile that artificial materials, so that the first human to break the shackles of natural building materials. China in the eleventh century BC in the early Western Zhou Dynasty created the tile. The first brick in the fifth century BC to the third century BC, when the tomb of the Warring States Period. Brick and tile better than the mechanical properties of soil, materials, and easy to manufacture. The brick and tile so that people began to appear widely, to a large number of housing construction and urban flood control project, and so on. This civil engineering technology has been rapid development. Up to 18 to the 19th century, as long as two thousand years, brick and tile has been a major civil engineering construction materials, human civilization has made a great contribution to the even was also widely used in the present. The application of a large number of steel products is the second leap in civil engineering. Seventeen 1970s the use of pig iron, the early nineteenth century, the use of wrought iron bridges and the construction of housing, which is a prelude to the emergence of steel. From the beginning of the mid-nineteenth century, metallurgical industry, smelting and rolling out high tensile and compressive strength, ductility, uniformity of the quality of construction steel and then produce high-strength steel wire, steel cables. As a result of the need to adapt to the development of the steel structure have been flourishing. In addition to the application of the original beam, arch structure, the new truss, a framework, the structure of network, cable structures to promote the gradual emergence of the structure of Yan in the form of flowers. From the brick building long-span structures, stone structures, a few meters of wood, steel structure to the development of tens of meters, a few hundred meters, until modern km above. So in the river, cross the bridge from shelves, on the ground since the construction of skyscrapers and high-rise tower, even in the laying of underground railway, to create an unprecedented miracle. In order to meet the needs of the development of steel works, on the basis of Newton's mechanics, material mechanics, structural mechanics, structural engineering design theory came into being, and so on. Construction machinery, construction technology and construction organization design theory also development, civil engineering from the experience of rising to become science, engineering practice and theoretical basis for both is a different place, which led to more rapid development of civil engineering. During the nineteenth century, 20, made of Portland cement, concrete has come out. Concrete can aggregate materials, easy-to-concrete structures forming, but the tensile strength of concrete is very small, limited use. By the middle of the nineteenth century, the surge in steel production, with the emergence of this new type of reinforced concrete composite construction materials, which bear the tension steel, concrete bear the pressure and play their own advantages. Since the beginning of the 20th century, reinforced concrete is widely used in various fields of civil engineering. From the beginning of the 1930s, there have been pre-stressed concrete. Pre-stressed concrete structure of the crack resistance, rigidity and carrying capacity, much higher than the reinforced concrete structure, which uses an even wider area. Civil Engineering into the reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete dominant historical period. Concrete buildings to bring about the emergence of new economic, aesthetic structure in the form of engineering, civil engineering so that a new construction technology and engineering design of the structure of the theory. This is another leap in the development of civil engineering. A project to build the facilities in general to go through the investigation, design and construction in three stages, require the use of geological prospecting projects, hydro-geological survey, engineering survey, soil mechanics, mechanical engineering, engineering design, building materials, construction equipment, engineering machinery, building the economy , And other disciplines and con。
8.谁能给我找一份5000词的关于建筑电气方面 的英文论文啊,带中文
Fire FightingAlong with the our country economic development rapid development, the lives of the people level unceasing enhancement, the city uses to be day by day anxious, urges the building to face the direction is developing. This kind of high level civil construction repair needed materials and the way also more hasten the diversification, and along with uses electricity the load and coal gas consumption quantity enlarging, proposed to the fire auto-alarm system design is higher, a stricter request. In order to guarantee the people life and property the security, the fire auto-alarm system design has become in the high level civil construction design one of most important design contents. Presently based on the author fire of auto-alarm system design overseeing work in the high level civil building experience, proposed in present national related standard and standard unclear true detail shallow opinion, by for the colleagues to discuss and to point out mistakes.First, design basis The fire auto-alarm system design is a specialized very strong technology work, at the same time also has the very strong policy-type. Therefore, first should be clear about the following design basis: 1st, must grasp the architectural design fire protection standard, the system design standard, the equipment manufacture standard, the installment construction approval standard and the administration laws and regulations and so on five big aspects fire laws and regulations, and in practical understanding present country related standard and standard positive word: "Must", "be supposed", "to be suitable", "may" and the reverse side word: "Strictly prohibits", "should not", "not have", "not to be suitable" the meaning.2nd, must aim at high level civil building function, use and the protection object fire protection rank, earnestly carries out the present national related standard and the standard, earnestly treats the public security fire prevention surveillance department the examination and approval opinion.Second, fire auto-alarm system equipment establishmentFire detector establishmentOpens wide either the seal or the stair hall should alone divide the search coverage, and each 2 ~ 3 establish a fire detector.The first room (including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against the front room which smoke stair hall comes in handy) and the aisle should distinguish alone to divide the search coverage, specially front the room and the lift well, the scattered stair hall and the aisle are interlinked, has time the fire haze to be easier to gather or to flow, is the personnel disperses which saves goal with the fire prevention, therefore should install the fire detector. Regarding common elevator in front of room although is not the personnel disperses , but this front room and the lift well are interlinked, has time the fire haze to be also easy to gather or to flow, suitably alone divides the search coverage and installs the fire detector. The electric cable shaft therefore is easy to form pulls out the smoke inflammation the channel; Has when the fire the fire intensity not easily extends along the electric cable burns, for this, "the high level civil construction design fire protection standard" and "the civil construction electricity design standard" separately proposes the detailed specific stipulation in the construction and in the electric wire or on the electric cable shaping. But considered implements specifically the difficulty and the present situation, the electric cable shaft installs the fire detector is extremely essential, and coordinates the shaft the fire protection separation request, each 2 ~ 3 or each level installs.The elevator machine room should install the fire detector, its elevator is the important vertical transportation vehicle; Its two elevator machine room has has the fire risk; Its three lift well existence essential opens the hole, like the level gate opens between the hole, the air vent, the between permanence opens the hole with the elevator machine room or the pulley and so on; Its four when has the fire, the lift well often becomes the fire intensity spread the channel, is easy to threaten the elevator machine room the facility. Therefore, the elevator machine room establishes the fire detector is necessary, crown of also suitable establishment fire detector lift well.2nd, the manual fire reports to the police the button establishment(Including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in view of various floors front room in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against which smoke stair hall to come in handy the front room) is has whe。
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