众文网1.求一个商务英语专业的毕业论文题目~ 谢谢啦~
1. 《商务英语课程设置的探讨》2. 《跨文化因素对英汉翻译的影响》3. 《商务英语的特点及翻译技巧》4. 《商务英语函电在对外贸易中的作用》5. 《单证员在国际贸易中的地位》6. 《商务英语函电翻译技巧》7. 《商务谈判中英语的重要性》8. 《浅谈出口结汇风险的防范》9. 《中国退税制度的改革及其影响》10. 《商标名称的翻译与策略》11. 《外贸企业信用风险管理与控制》12. 《2007年外资银行在我国本土注册探讨》13. 《我国利用国际贷款/国际援助现状分析》14. 《WTO与我国反倾销探讨》15. 《我国对外直接投资之现状》16. 《内陆地区对外贸易发展策略研究》17. 《中印两国两国对外贸易战略分析》18. 《人民币升值对我国出口贸易的影响》19. 《浅谈商务英语写作时避免修饰语错位的方法》20. 《商务函电翻译的用词技巧》21. 《外商直接在华投资探讨》22. 《社会文化迁移对中国式英语的影响》23. 《我国外贸出口品牌战略的实施与研究》24. 《商务英语专业口语课程教学探讨》25. 《入世对我国农产品贸易的影响与对策研究》26. 《应对经济全球化，加快我国企业跨国经营》27. 《英语写作中常见中式英语分析》28. 《入世商务英语写作的研究》29. 《制单工作在国际结算中的地位》30. 《关税壁垒与非关税壁垒探讨》31. 《浅谈实质利益谈判法》32. 《国际电子商务发展面临的新问题》33. 《商务英语写作中的错误与商务英语写作教学之间的关系》34. 《清算所在期货市场上的地位》35. 《跨国公司在华扩张模式透析》36. 《汉译英中遇到新词语的译法问题》37. 英汉互译中词义的不对应（文化意义、风格意义、修辞意义等）38. 我国市场经济国家地位与反倾销39. 如何防范信用证诈骗40. 我国中小企业开拓国际市场之探讨41. "10+1"自由贸易区未来前景展望42. 汉语中新词汇的翻译技巧43. 商务英语的特征与翻译44. 珠江三角洲外贸现状及存在的问题45. 南昌现利用外资纵谈46. 广州/深圳等地区三资企业结构分析47. 浅谈广州等地区外贸企业的困境与出路48. 浅谈广州等地区出口产品结构的市场分布49. 商务英语专业毕业生就业岗位之探0. 单证员跟单员等资格证书现状思考51. 礼仪在商务谈判中的作用52. 跨国公司的本土化经营战略及其实施53. 中国在亚洲区域合作中的地位和作用54. 延长我国加工贸易国内价值链问题探析55. 中国贸易的现状和前景56. 我国西部地区引进外资问题研究57. 人民币业务对外开放之探讨58. 浅谈涉外合同英语特色59. 海外投资与出口贸易的相互关系60. 文化和地理因素对外商在中国直接投资的影响61. 绿色壁垒对关税壁垒的替代效应研究62. 新贸易保护主义的政策调整与我国贸易发展63. 贸易磨檫及其解决机制研究64. UCP600-信用证领域的新规则探讨65. 论>的适用范围及总则66. 浅谈>下卖方的知识产权担保义务67. 我国纺织业出口竞争秩序现状分析与对策探讨68. 浅谈来料加工与进料加工的利弊69. 经纪佣金商或场内经纪人在期货交易中的地位70. 浅谈商检证书在国际贸易中的作用。
2.跪求一篇商务英语论文,最好是翻译一篇外文,要全套
Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of captivity. But one hundred years later, we must face the tragic fact that the Negro is still not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later, the Negro is still languishing in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land. So we have come here today to dramatize an appalling condition. In a sense we have come to our nation's capital to cash a check. When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. This note was a promise that all men would be guaranteed the inalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note insofar as her citizens of color are concerned. Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check which has come back marked "insufficient funds." But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt. We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this nation. So we have come to cash this check -- a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security of justice. We have also come to this hallowed spot to remind America of the fierce urgency of now. This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drug of gradualism. Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice. Now is the time to open the doors of opportunity to all of God's children. Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood. It would be fatal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment and to underestimate the determination of the Negro. This sweltering summer of the Negro's legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and equality. Nineteen sixty-three is not an end, but a beginning. Those who hope that the Negro needed to blow off steam and will now be content will have a rude awakening if the nation returns to business as usual. There will be neither rest nor tranquility in America until the Negro is granted his citizenship rights. The whirlwinds of revolt will continue to shake the foundations of our nation until the bright day of justice emerges. But there is something that I must say to my people who stand on the warm threshold which leads into the palace of justice. In the process of gaining our rightful place we must not be guilty of wrongful deeds. Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred. We must forever conduct our struggle on the high plane of dignity and discipline. we must not allow our creative protest to degenerate into physical violence. Again and again we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force. The marvelous new militancy which has engulfed the Negro community must not lead us to distrust of all white people, for many of our white brothers, as evidenced by their presence here today, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny and their freedom is inextricably bound to our freedom. We cannot walk alone. And as we walk, we must make the pledge that we shall march ahead. We cannot turn back. There are those who are asking the devotees of civil rights, "When will you be satisfied?" we can never be satisfied as long as our bodies, heavy with the fatigue of travel, cannot gain lodging in the motels of the highways and the hotels of the cities. We cannot be satisfied as long as the Negro's basic mobility is from a smaller ghetto to a larger one. We can never be satisfied as long as a Negro in Mississippi cannot vote and a Negro in New York believes he has nothing for which to vote. No, no, we are not satisfied, and we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream. I am not unmindful that some of you have come here out of great trials and tribulations. Some of 。
3.急求一篇关于经济的1500字商务英语论文（要英文的）
Humans in the 21st century, the electronic age also makes synchronous communication possible. In international business communication, the speaker can master the language communication, is achieving the desired objectives. Business writing is essential to the communication channels, this way of communication through the process of writing communication of tone problems are analysed thoroughly, so as to improve the business cooperation.A, introductionHumans in the 21st century, economic globalization, international business activities more frequent intercourse, business communication has entered a new stage of development, more and more people show the trend of internationalization, the working environment is more and more diversified. The electronic age also makes synchronous communication, English as possible throughout the world common language in business, one in speech communication plays a compelling communication effect. In international business communication, the speaker can master the language communication, is achieving the desired objectives. In the process of communication, also can use business writing. Business writing is necessary in a communication channel by way of communication, business writing, you can ask others to pass accuracy, business information and good business writing is a kind of business etiquette, can give people leave a good impression.Second, the influence factors of tone1 words and construct sentences. First, sincere words to the communication or business life, sincere cooperation is the most important thing is the most basic, due to our partners to read every day, so the commercial electronic mail file should be concise wording, if use too much words one or two words can mean, obviously makes writing content and vague, drag will waste the time more readers. Regardless of such as in time at were now better, rather than the event is better. If. To use common words, avoid uncommon or spelling words. A word can express, don't use phrases. Use short sentences, because more easy to understand. With less ", "" and", "will", "" these make sentences nowadays become tedious conjunction. In the letter, don't use the same meanings of words. More than Because many use simple little can be more direct simple message and try to persuade the reader, and save time. Example is better than with which now. Avoid using the mean ambiguous words or phrases, the expression that readers will definitely affect misunderstanding, business communication. Therefore, business writing email should be specific, structure clear wording, content clearly. Moreover nowadays women in business, the role of not less than men, more and more women, especially the feminist movement to contain the words very sensitive sex discrimination. Avoid using business email has sex discrimination of communication, this words for both. The chairperson alternative chairman, etc. Finally, people often complain when used in anger or negative words or phrases, the expression of readers, often including criticism or blame, then against business communication. Business letters should adopt positive affirmation of the meaning of the words, avoid using negative expression. Even want to criticize each other, also should not be shown on the wording, should adopt positive tone and indirect or other language, in order to better acceptance. Because business communication purpose is not to blame each other, criticism or not intentionally let them feel guilty, the real purpose is to provide information or other beneficial to take action, to solve the problem.2 the language style. General language styles mainly from natural and whether formal whether such two angles appraisal. Martin Joos according to the degree of formal language use forward five variants: the grave style (half style), The formal style (formal style), The consultative style style (with), Casual style (the casual style), Close the style (intimate style). Business language is a formal language, however, with the increasing trade between business contacts with the trade relations between each other, to strengthen the understanding and communication, due to personal attachment, the trend into the content of electronic business English language style, the liberalization of tend to use language and concise. On one hand, electronic business English should save those polite words, excess leads directly to the consultation, the main theme is to be short and concise, easy reading. On the other hand, electronic data exchange and cable etc, the use of language and sho。
4.商务英语专业的可以写哪些题目的论文
1. 《例析大学英语中阅读的方法》
2. 《论文化因素对英汉翻译的影响》
3. 《商务英语的特点及翻译技巧》
4. 《商标名称的翻译与策略》
5. 《句法简化对听力理解的作用》
6. 《英语学习中的汉语干扰问题》
7. 《如何对待阅读理解中的生词》
8. 《英汉互译中意义的不对应》
9. 《商务谈判中的语言艺术》
10. 《国际商务单证的作用及种类》
11. 《英语写作中的时态与时间环境成分关系》
12. 《浅谈对信用证的审核 》或《信用证结算的风险及防范 》
13. 《主题句的位置及作用在英汉语中的对比》
14. 《论国际贸易中英语的作用》
15. 《商标名称的翻译与策略》
16. 《美语口语中俚语现象透析》
17. 《英语的思维方式在英文写作中的运用》
18. 《外贸业务报价的策略分析》
19. 《英汉互译中形象语言的处理》
20. 《形象语言在英语写作中的效果》
21. 《利用网络特征提高英语运用能力》
22. 《怎样克服中国学生英语写作中的造词现象》
23. 《结合课堂环境与记忆规律记忆外语词汇》
24. 《单证员/报关员/跟单员等在国际贸易中的地位》
25. 《浅谈英语写作时避免修饰语错位的方法》
26. 《商务函电翻译的用词技巧》
27. 《高职学生的英语词汇重复理论与英语阅读中的猜词策略》
28. 《社会文化迁移对中国式英语的影响》
29. 《背诵课文在英语学习中的作用》
30. 《商务英语函电在对外贸易中的作用》
31. 《大学生在运用定语从句时常见错误及分析其原因》
32. 《珠江三角洲外贸现状及存在的问题》
33. 《英语写作中常见中式英语分析》
34. 《入世商务英语写作的措施研究》
35. 《例析英译汉中形象语言的处理》
36. 《英语学习从“说”开始》
37. 《英语“课堂方言”对学习口语的影响与对策》
38. 《高职学生英语单词拼写错误的类型，原因及解决方法》
39. 《论英语写作中隐谕的应用》
40. 《学生英语写作中的错误与英语写作教学之间的关系》
41. 《大学生在运用定语从句时常见错误及分析其原因》
42. 《商务英语专业毕业生就业岗位之探讨》
43. 《汉译英中遇到新词语的译法问题》
44. 英汉互译中词义的不对应（文化意义、风格意义、修辞意义等）
45. 形象语在写作中的修辞效果
46. 礼仪在商务谈判中的作用
47. 礼仪在商务谈判中的作用
48. 影响英语写作中衔接手段的因素
49. 影响长句翻译的因素
50. 汉语中新词汇的翻
5.适合商务英语专业的毕业论文
The Impact of Enterprise Resource Planning Systems on Management Accounting: An Australian Study Abstract Information technology is significantly changing the operating practices of an increasing number of companies globally. These developments have important implications for the accounting profession and in particular accounting practices in the twenty-first century. This study examines the development of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems as a means of illustrating how changes in information technology allows all systems in a company to be linked to manage operations holistically. The study investigates the change in accounting systems using a sample of Australian companies with emphasis on the adoption of ERP systems including the potential impact of ERP on capital budgeting processes. The results show that ERP systems are changing management accounting practices, although at this stage, the impact on capital budgeting techniques appears to be limited. The findings contribute to the emerging body of literature on the development of ERP systems and its impact on management accounting teaching and research. Key words: Management accounting, capital budgeting, enterprise resource planning systems, information technology. 1. Introduction During the past decade an increasing number of companies have been impacted by information technology in terms of computerized transaction processing and electronic telecommunications such as that done with the Internet, intranet, and extranet. For competitive reasons, companies have had to change from manual and then mainframe systems to what has been called enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. An ERP system has a common database or data warehouse that links together all systems in all parts of a company including, for example, capital budgeting with financial, control, manufacturing, sales, fixed assets, inventory, human resources modules, etc. An ERP system, by linking all systems through a data warehouse, allows a company to manage its operations holistically. A second impact of ERP systems has been a general shift to manage at the activity level rather than at the more abstract level of financial transactions. This means that management accounting, with its focus on activities, can be most effective when it is used with ERP systems to incorporate the activity level for costing and performance measurement. To be effective an ERP system will contain an extensive chart of accounts or codes for activities such as accurate recording and tracking of activities, revenues and costs. The coding incorporates stable entities of a business, such as divisions, plants, stores, and warehouses. At a detailed level there are codes for functions such as finance, production, sales, marketing, and materials management. There are also the traditional financial account codes such as assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses, and the central ERP feature of coding processes, activities, and sub-activities. There must be consistent coding among all parts of a company in order for them to relate to one another. As the ERP system incorporates activities in terms of quantities of resources, including labour, a record of resource use is maintained. Therefore, performance can be measured in physical terms and compared to standards, which allows for the calculation of variances. This performance measurement at the activity level serves as a feedback system on efficiency and effectiveness. The confusion from abstract monetary measures is erased, and what is actually happening with the conversion of resources into goods and services can be seen. ERP systems have the potential to change management ccounting systems with more detailed, more integrated, and faster produced information. To date the research on the impact of ERP systems on management accounting can best be described as preliminary. It has involved case studies of one or two companies at a time and some field studies. The findings from these studies have been largely anecdotal. Also, some have been deductive in that arguments based on ERP attributes have been made on how management accounting should be affected. For instance, in a field study, Cook et al. (2000) described activity-based capital budgeting at a division of a US telecommunications company. The findings from Cook et al.'s field work suggests that ERP systems can increase the effectiveness of capital budgeting by anchoring financial numbers to activities rather than stopping at monetary measures with pre-ERP practices. The 。
6.全英文的商务英语论文
1 from business English language characteristics of business English translation2 in cross-cultural communication interpretation3 business English translation errors analysed4 discuss trademark translation5 the shallow brand name6 and the stylistic features of English letters and translation7 business contract English language characteristics and translation8 in business negotiations pragmatic analysis of fuzzy language9 trademark of the principles and methods of translation named10 2000c business translation methods11 the language of international business negotiation conflict12 international business negotiations of the cultural adaptation strategy13 secretarial English of pragmatic failures14 of business English words and common vocabulary comparison and analysisThe commercial English translation theory and translation skills16 the differences between Chinese and western culture and business reception17 and cultural differences of sino-american business negotiations。
7.商务英语毕业论文范文
英语饮料广告中的语用预设研究 字数：4962.页数：17 论文编号：YY217 Abstract Advertising language has received a thorough study from different aspects. With the development of linguistics, the studies on advertising language are inclined to the relationship between language and context. In this case, pragmatic presupposition appears to be the very tool for its sensitive nature to context. In addition, common ground and appropriateness of pragmatic presupposition also make great contribution to the concise and economical advertisement. However, other properties like one-sidedness, subjectivity and latency are equally noticed. Proper exploitation of these features may develop useful market strategies. Therefore, it is of great significance to study advertising language from pragmatic presupposition perspective. The thesis focuses on the phenomenon of pragmatic presupposition in English advertisement for beverage. Based on the foundational theory, the classifications and functions of pragmatic presupposition are exposed by qualitative study method. Meanwhile, a case study is conducted to tentatively explore the distribution and frequency of each type by quantitative analysis. Research findings show that pragmatic presupposition occurs in 94% of the collected 100 drinks advertisements; the state presupposition accounts for the largest percentage (40%) among all five classifications , followed by belief presupposition, behavior presupposition, existential presupposition and fact presupposition, for 22%, 14%, 13%, 5% respectively. Key Words: advertising language pragmatic presupposition function classifications description 摘要 广告语言的研究一直以来都备受各个领域学者们的青睐。
在语言学领域，语言学的发展使得广告语言的研究逐渐趋向于语言与语境的关系的研究。于是，对语境敏感的语用预设便成为了分析广告语言的理想工具。
语用预设的共知性和合适性简化了广告的语言，节省了广告的费用。另外，语用预设本身还具有单向性、主观性和隐蔽性。
巧妙运用这些特征可以衍生出有效的广告撰写策略。因此，从语用预设的视角研究广告语言是很有意义的。
本文主要致力于研究英文饮料广告语言的语用预设现象。作者以语用预设作为研究基本理论，结合定性研究和定量研究方法，通过分析语用预设在饮料广告中的类型和功能，同时对各预设类型在英文广告中的分布和出现频率也进行调查研究，力图探讨语用预设在英文饮料广告中运用的深度和广度。
调查结果发现：语用预设在英文饮料广告中的运用程度极高，在收集的100条广告语中呈现出94%的高频率。与此同时，状态预设在五种语用预设类型中出现的频率最高，达到40%。
其余的信仰预设、行为预设、存在预设和事实预设分别占22%、14%、13%和5%。 关键词：广告语 语用预设 功能 分类描写 目录 Abstract 。
..1 摘要。
.2 Chapter 1 Introduction。
3 Chapter 2 Literature Review 。
.4 2.1 Previous studies on pragmatic presupposition abroad 。
4 2.2 Previous studies on pragmatic presupposition at home。
.. 5 Chapter 3 Theoretical Foundations。
..6 3.1 The definitions of pragmatic presupposition 。
..6 3.2 The characteristics of pragmatic presupposition。
. 7 3.2.2 Subjectivity。
..7 3.2.3 Latency 。
7 3.3 The classifications of pragmatic presupposition in print advertisement language 8 3.3.1 Existential presupposition 。
8 3.3.2 Fact presupposition。
. 8 3.3.3 State presupposition。
.9 3.3.4 Belief alue presupposition。
9 3.3.5 Behavior presupposition。
10 3.4 Functions of pragmatic presupposition in drink advertisement language。
10 3.4.1 Concise function。
.10 3.4.2 Euphemism function 。
.11 3.4.3 Persuasive function 。
11 Chapter 4 Case Study。
11 4.1 Research aims 。
..11 4.2 Data collection。
.12 4.3 Data analysis 。
..12 4.3.1 Statistic numbers 。
..12 4.3.2 Analysis findings。
14 Chapter 5 Conclusion 。
..15 5.1 General summary 。
15 5.2 Limitations of present study 。
..。
8.求商务英语论文（英文论文）一篇
Derivatives, as financial instruments, have gained an increasingly important role to the financial status of big companies around the globe. Their importance can be primarily illustrated by the huge development of the derivatives exchange markets in the most developed countries, with banks usually being at the centre of trading of these powerful financial tools. The very essence of their importance lies to the fact that companies can use them to reduce uncertainty or risk that stems from entrepreneurial activities. Financial managers use derivatives to understand the risks that their firms are exposed to daily and thus are able to pursue higher returns, given the fact that higher returns impose higher risks. The management of high risks enables companies to reduce the danger of financial losses and in the same time achieve higher returns. The extended use of derivatives can also attribute further benefits to the financial position of firms by improving several other corporate actions like cheaper borrowing, tax planning and ensuring safer loan payback. However, derivatives' trading has been a cause for huge corporate losses for many companies, the financial management of which ignored the high risks involved in the use of those financial instruments. This essay will attempt to examine the ways in which companies can use derivatives to modify their financial position.A derivative (or derivative security) can be defined as a tradable asset whose intrinsic value depends on or derives from the value of an underlying asset (like shares or bonds), a commodity (like oil or gold) or an abstract measure (like interest rates or indexes). This dependency of the derivatives' value is the reason why they are also called contingent claims. This last definition of derivatives describes accurately their nature of being an exercisable right or obligation rather than a tradable good. This right or obligation is the exact legal contract that acquires value like a real asset, and therefore can be traded. People have implemented derivatives, as legal contracts, since ancient times, although their systematic use and trading began in the late nineteenth century. However, the past thirty years witnessed a massive growth in the volume of derivatives' trading. Nowadays, derivative markets account for a significant amount of the world financial exchange system, and their types and use keeps developing and adapting to the different financial needs of the various industries. Common types of derivatives are options, futures, forwards, forward rate agreements and swaps, while other less common types are caps, floors, exotic options, Over-The Counter (OTCs) and exchange-traded derivatives. A brief description of the most common derivatives is given below.An option is a contractual agreement that the gives the right and not the obligation in one party to buy or sell an underlying commodity or asset at a given price anytime during a pre-specified period of time. At the end of the pre-specified period this right can be exercised or not, according to the option's holder needs, thus the name of the derivative. If an option gives the buyer the right to purchase an asset (a number of shares for example) at a given price during a time period, this option is called call option. By the end of the period the right expires and after that date the option loses its value. On the contrary, if a similar contract gives the buyer the right to sell an asset (at an agreed price and up to a given date), it is then called put option. Call and Put options enable their holders to make profits, reducing the uncertainty of the future value of the underlying asset because they can be tradable at any time before the expiry date. If the underlying asset is a share index like FTSE 100, S&P 500 etc. then the purchased right is called index option.Futures are also contractual agreements between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a specific time and a pre-specified price. However, a future represents an obligation, not a right, to proceed in the specific transaction, thus neither of the two parties can back away once the agreement is made (or the future is purchased). Thus a holder of a future buys the obligation of the other party and not the right, as in options. However, futures are tradable derivatives and are exchanged in a regulated market, like options. This characteristic allows their holders to change their position, according to the change of the underlying asset value through time before the date of the contracted transaction. However, they are very standardised and so they might not be very attractive to companies with specific financial needs. A future having as 。
9.商务英语论文a report on market怎么写啊,可以写哪方面的内容啊,
说真的你说的 report on market，是一个比较泛题目。
通常的，可以从以下几个方面开始写1、市场概述2、市场分类3、市场参与者4、市场细分5、根据各细分市场的及经营业务制定的营销策略6、细分市场的根据（受益细分：地理，消费心理，收入等）7、预期收益8、效果跟踪9、数据统计与分析10、引用数据。论文资料来源，你可以到GOOGLE，输入：template of a report on market就会出来很多资料，英文的。
template 是模版的意思，你搜到的资料会比中文多。祝你好运。
10.求商务英语论文（英文论文）一篇
Derivatives, as financial instruments, have gained an increasingly important role to the financial status of big companies around the globe. Their importance can be primarily illustrated by the huge development of the derivatives exchange markets in the most developed countries, with banks usually being at the centre of trading of these powerful financial tools. The very essence of their importance lies to the fact that companies can use them to reduce uncertainty or risk that stems from entrepreneurial activities. Financial managers use derivatives to understand the risks that their firms are exposed to daily and thus are able to pursue higher returns, given the fact that higher returns impose higher risks. The management of high risks enables companies to reduce the danger of financial losses and in the same time achieve higher returns. The extended use of derivatives can also attribute further benefits to the financial position of firms by improving several other corporate actions like cheaper borrowing, tax planning and ensuring safer loan payback. However, derivatives' trading has been a cause for huge corporate losses for many companies, the financial management of which ignored the high risks involved in the use of those financial instruments. This essay will attempt to examine the ways in which companies can use derivatives to modify their financial position.A derivative (or derivative security) can be defined as a tradable asset whose intrinsic value depends on or derives from the value of an underlying asset (like shares or bonds), a commodity (like oil or gold) or an abstract measure (like interest rates or indexes). This dependency of the derivatives' value is the reason why they are also called contingent claims. This last definition of derivatives describes accurately their nature of being an exercisable right or obligation rather than a tradable good. This right or obligation is the exact legal contract that acquires value like a real asset, and therefore can be traded. People have implemented derivatives, as legal contracts, since ancient times, although their systematic use and trading began in the late nineteenth century. However, the past thirty years witnessed a massive growth in the volume of derivatives' trading. Nowadays, derivative markets account for a significant amount of the world financial exchange system, and their types and use keeps developing and adapting to the different financial needs of the various industries. Common types of derivatives are options, futures, forwards, forward rate agreements and swaps, while other less common types are caps, floors, exotic options, Over-The Counter (OTCs) and exchange-traded derivatives. A brief description of the most common derivatives is given below.An option is a contractual agreement that the gives the right and not the obligation in one party to buy or sell an underlying commodity or asset at a given price anytime during a pre-specified period of time. At the end of the pre-specified period this right can be exercised or not, according to the option's holder needs, thus the name of the derivative. If an option gives the buyer the right to purchase an asset (a number of shares for example) at a given price during a time period, this option is called call option. By the end of the period the right expires and after that date the option loses its value. On the contrary, if a similar contract gives the buyer the right to sell an asset (at an agreed price and up to a given date), it is then called put option. Call and Put options enable their holders to make profits, reducing the uncertainty of the future value of the underlying asset because they can be tradable at any time before the expiry date. If the underlying asset is a share index like FTSE 100, S&P 500 etc. then the purchased right is called index option.Futures are also contractual agreements between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a specific time and a pre-specified price. However, a future represents an obligation, not a right, to proceed in the specific transaction, thus neither of the two parties can back away once the agreement is made (or the future is purchased). Thus a holder of a future buys the obligation of the other party and not the right, as in options. However, futures are tradable derivatives and are exchanged in a regulated market, like options. This characteristic allows their holders to change their position, according to the change of the underlying asset value through time before the date of the contracted transaction. However, they are very standardised and so they might not be very attractive to companies with specific financial needs. A future having as underlyin。
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