众文网1.求一篇妈祖文化论文,拜托,帮帮忙!!
关于妈祖文化，历史上许多著名学者都曾涉猎这个领域，现代专家学者也进行认真的研究，1987年，莆田举行妈祖千年祭学术研讨会，与会的专家、学者着重从妈祖文化的内涵和外延进一步进行研讨。
从妈祖文化的内涵来说，妈祖短暂的一生虽未留下什么著作，也谈不上有什么思想体系，但她的热爱劳动、热爱人民、见义勇为、扶危济困、无私奉献、高尚情操和英雄事迹，却体现了中华民族的传统美德，并形成一股巨大的精神力量。妈祖牺牲之后，人们就按自己的愿望和理想，进一步把她塑造成为一位慈悲博爱、护国庇民、可敬可亲的女神，其目的仍是为了化育子孙后代和弘扬民族精神。
“传闻利泽至今在”，“已死犹能效国功”──这是宋代状元黄公度的诗句；“但见舢舻来复去，密俾造化不言功”──这是宋代学者陈宓的诗句；“普天均雨露，大海静波涛”──这是元代诗人张翥的诗句；“扶危济弱俾屯亨，呼之即应祷即聆”──这是明成祖永乐皇帝的题诗。以上这些诗名既是对妈祖精神的高度概括，而又说明历代政治家、思想家和文学家都很重视发挥妈祖的教化功能，希望使这一民间信仰成为促进国家昌盛、民族团结、民生富饶的推动力。
从这个意义上说，妈祖精神无疑是中华民族的优秀文化遗产之一。 从妈祖文化的外延来说，则是指妈祖信仰持续一千年来形成许多值得我们深入研讨和借鉴的相关学术文化课题。
在中外关系史上，妈祖信仰与我国古代许多和平外交活动有密切关联，诸如宋代的出使高丽，明代的郑和七下西洋历访亚非40多国，明、清两朝持续近500年的对古琉球中山国的册封等等，都是借助妈祖为精神支柱而战胜海上的千灾万劫，圆满地完成了和平外交的任务。外交使节们为报答妈祖神功，写下了大量颂圣文章，而这些原始资料对澄清一些历史遗留的争议很有作用。
即如郑和的《天妃灵应之记》碑详细记录七下西洋的过程，对史书记载的讹误和不足起到了订正和补充的作用。清康熙二十二年中国册使汪楫所著《使琉球杂录》详述在妈祖庇佑下，封船如“凌空而行”，飞速通过钓鱼屿、黄尾屿、赤屿而进入琉球国境的姑米山、马齿山海域，使迎接天使的大夫郑永安惊叹如“突入其境”。
由此记载可证，钓鱼岛列岛自古就是跟台湾连结在一起的中国领土。 在反侵略战争史上，有关古籍曾记载中国水师将领依恃妈祖庇护多次把殖民主义者驱逐出澎湖海域的史实。
澎湖妈祖庙迄今尤存一块“沈有容谕退红毛番韦麻郎”的石碣，这是明万历三十二年（1640年）荷兰殖民者企图强占澎湖，沈有容从厦门率船队抵达澎湖，令其无条件撤离后的刻石纪功。明天启四年（1624年），中国水师复在澎湖克敌制胜，迫使侵略军首领牛文来律在妈祖庙签字投降。
至于妈祖助潮让郑成功的舰队顺利进入台湾鹿耳门港的传说，则在台湾已家喻户晓。 在海上交通贸易及沿海港口开发的历史上，更与妈祖信仰有密不可分的关系。
我国从东北至华南，许多著名的港口城市的开发史几乎都跟妈祖庙息息相关。“先有娘娘庙，后有天津卫。”
这句谚语是对天津港口起源的形象化说明。宋代华亭（即上海）、杭州、泉州、广州四大市舶司均与妈祖庙建在一起。
还有营口、烟台、青岛、连云港等都是以妈祖庙的兴建为标志，使荒凉的渔村变为繁荣的港口城市。香港北佛堂摩崖石刻和《九龙彭蒲罔村林氏族谱》关于妈祖信仰自南宋传入的记载，则成为香港历史文献记载的第一笔。
澳门地名的葡萄牙语称作MACAU，就是粤语“妈阁”的音译。台湾同胞把早期的分灵妈祖称为“开台妈祖”，这更充分说明妈祖渡台和宝岛开发是直接关联的。
在科学技术史上，妈祖庙也有其独特的地位。古代一种航海习俗：在新船下水出航时，必须同时制作一只模型供奉在妈祖庙内，这样妈祖就会时刻关心此船的安全。
所以许多妈祖庙内便留下了大量的古代船模。山东长岛庙岛与妈祖庙的古船模多达350多只，包括福船、沙船和民族英雄邓世昌供奉的“威远号”军舰模型。
这些船模成为研究我国古代造船历史的重要资料。现存一批妈祖庙古建筑，如福建泉州、山东、江西景德镇、广东澄海、贵州镇远和宁波庆安会馆等天后宫，从庙宇结构造型到各类雕刻构件，都是极为珍贵的我国古代建筑艺术的精品。
此外，各地妈祖庙还保存一些特殊的科技文物。如莆田涵江天后宫存有一幅明代星图，是研究我国古代利用星图定向航海的难得实物资料。
天津天后宫所存的灭火“水机”，是迄今发现最早的机械消防器材之一。 妈祖文化的外延仅直接记载妈祖信仰的历史文献资料最保守的估计超过一百万字。
它涉及经济、政治、军事、外交、文学、艺术、教育、科技、宗教、民俗、华侨、移民等领域的许多课题，内容相当丰富，史料价值很高。 妈祖民间信仰的学术价值在本世纪70年代起就引起学者的注意，作为一门学问进行研究。
我国著名的历史学家顾颉刚、客肇祖先后发表了多篇关于《天后》的论文，在学术界引起反响。台湾学者李献璋自60年代起，经过20年的研究，终于写成了《妈祖信仰研究》一书，成为妈祖研究第一部学术性较高的专著。
妈祖故里的学者自80年代起，掀起了妈祖研究热潮，先后举办了。
2.谁能提供我一篇关于dink family 的英语论文,谢谢!
The DINK familyChildren of the 50's all had their Dinky toys. After Dinky toys came Match Box toys - a new generation and a new age. At least with Match Box toys you couldn't pull the tires off and eat them. There was quite a fad in the 50's. Children would tie a string around their Dinky toy and negotiate it over a predetermined obstacle course. Just imagine a few hundred kids pulling Dinky toys around the playground. It must have looked a sight. The fads in those simple days worked in a regular cycle - Dinky toys, cigarette cards, bottle tops and marbles. The kids today miss out on all the good things in life, don't they? Today a DINK is not a model car of the 50's. A "dink" is a Double Income No Kids family. This was once a rare species and given that it doesn't breed, you would assume that its present aberration would quickly die out, but not so. It is on the increase. We might well ask why? It may simply be that female "dinks" are still caught in the mind warp of the early 70's - Women's Lib and all that. Those were the heady days when freedom for women would be gained by taking on the male curse of work. Actually, we blokes missed out on a great chance at that time. We should have let the girls have our jobs and we could have stayed at home, getting together at lunchtime for a Bar-B-Q with all the mates. What's happened is we have all ended up as little cogs in the wheels of production. Strangely enough, a "dink" family is not a very normal family. Some 85% of people in the developed world live in a traditional family environment. We all believe in the family unit - mum, dad and the kids. We see it as the basis of society. Most political parties are "for the family." A politician would never dream of doing or saying anything to alienate such a massive slice of the electorate. Governments are "pro-family." None-the-less, "dinks" are on the increase and to a great extent governments are to blame. Even the taxation system favours "dinks". If governments really favoured the family, they would allow income splitting for taxation purposes. The truth is that a single income family is the dying breed. When both partners in a marriage have to work to survive, then the raising of children is something which doesn't come easily. If we have them, we have them late and we can only have one or two, as the financial burden is becoming too much to bear. Loss of the second income can easily bankrupt many a family. So, to become a "dink" is the only easy solution. One suspects that this is not God's plan for a happy society. Doing the DINK(Beijing Today)Updated: 2004-05-25 09:42DINK, which means "double income and no kids," has become a new lifestyle for young couples in big cities. DINK families have been growing steadily in number since the 1980s. There are now at least 600,000 DINK couples in China, mainly in big cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin and Guangzhou. In Beijing, about 10% of young married couples say they do not intend to have children. A recent survey by horizonkey.com found that since 1997, the number of couples in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Wuhan choosing to have children has fallen by 11.3%, while people aiming for DINK status increased by 1.1% to 10.51%. Besides, most DINK couples have higher income. Among couples whose total monthly income was more than 5,000 yuan, 13.7% of them had opted for a DINK family unit. But among couples whose total monthly income was less than 1,500 yuan, the number was just 5.5%. I want to be free! Why do more and more couples choose not to have children? Many old people think that it is to have more freedom. They regard this as an irresponsible choice. "I know they have free choice, but if every family does not bear children, the human race would become extinct," said Hou Yuchuan, a retired middle school teacher. "Most adults received love an care from their parents. I think it is rather selfish if they do not then bear children and pay out the same love and care their parents gave them." However, couples have their own reasons for DINK families. "I think a child is a little 'destroyer' of the love between a couple," said Zhang, a woman in her twenties, to xinhua.net. "Life for my husband and I is easy and romantic. If we had a child it would spoil everything." "We enjoy traveling, taking photos, reading books, taking exercise and enjoying all the delicious foods in Beijing, so having a baby is not in our plans," said a couple who have been married for seven years and did not wish to reveal their names. "life is short, we'd like to use all our money and time to enjoy life itself. 。
3.求一篇妈祖文化论文,拜托,帮帮忙!!
关于妈祖文化，历史上许多著名学者都曾涉猎这个领域，现代专家学者也进行认真的研究，1987年，莆田举行妈祖千年祭学术研讨会，与会的专家、学者着重从妈祖文化的内涵和外延进一步进行研讨。
从妈祖文化的内涵来说，妈祖短暂的一生虽未留下什么著作，也谈不上有什么思想体系，但她的热爱劳动、热爱人民、见义勇为、扶危济困、无私奉献、高尚情操和英雄事迹，却体现了中华民族的传统美德，并形成一股巨大的精神力量。妈祖牺牲之后，人们就按自己的愿望和理想，进一步把她塑造成为一位慈悲博爱、护国庇民、可敬可亲的女神，其目的仍是为了化育子孙后代和弘扬民族精神。
“传闻利泽至今在”，“已死犹能效国功”──这是宋代状元黄公度的诗句；“但见舢舻来复去，密俾造化不言功”──这是宋代学者陈宓的诗句；“普天均雨露，大海静波涛”──这是元代诗人张翥的诗句；“扶危济弱俾屯亨，呼之即应祷即聆”──这是明成祖永乐皇帝的题诗。以上这些诗名既是对妈祖精神的高度概括，而又说明历代政治家、思想家和文学家都很重视发挥妈祖的教化功能，希望使这一民间信仰成为促进国家昌盛、民族团结、民生富饶的推动力。
从这个意义上说，妈祖精神无疑是中华民族的优秀文化遗产之一。 从妈祖文化的外延来说，则是指妈祖信仰持续一千年来形成许多值得我们深入研讨和借鉴的相关学术文化课题。
在中外关系史上，妈祖信仰与我国古代许多和平外交活动有密切关联，诸如宋代的出使高丽，明代的郑和七下西洋历访亚非40多国，明、清两朝持续近500年的对古琉球中山国的册封等等，都是借助妈祖为精神支柱而战胜海上的千灾万劫，圆满地完成了和平外交的任务。外交使节们为报答妈祖神功，写下了大量颂圣文章，而这些原始资料对澄清一些历史遗留的争议很有作用。
即如郑和的《天妃灵应之记》碑详细记录七下西洋的过程，对史书记载的讹误和不足起到了订正和补充的作用。清康熙二十二年中国册使汪楫所著《使琉球杂录》详述在妈祖庇佑下，封船如“凌空而行”，飞速通过钓鱼屿、黄尾屿、赤屿而进入琉球国境的姑米山、马齿山海域，使迎接天使的大夫郑永安惊叹如“突入其境”。
由此记载可证，钓鱼岛列岛自古就是跟台湾连结在一起的中国领土。 在反侵略战争史上，有关古籍曾记载中国水师将领依恃妈祖庇护多次把殖民主义者驱逐出澎湖海域的史实。
澎湖妈祖庙迄今尤存一块“沈有容谕退红毛番韦麻郎”的石碣，这是明万历三十二年（1640年）荷兰殖民者企图强占澎湖，沈有容从厦门率船队抵达澎湖，令其无条件撤离后的刻石纪功。明天启四年（1624年），中国水师复在澎湖克敌制胜，迫使侵略军首领牛文来律在妈祖庙签字投降。
至于妈祖助潮让郑成功的舰队顺利进入台湾鹿耳门港的传说，则在台湾已家喻户晓。 在海上交通贸易及沿海港口开发的历史上，更与妈祖信仰有密不可分的关系。
我国从东北至华南，许多著名的港口城市的开发史几乎都跟妈祖庙息息相关。“先有娘娘庙，后有天津卫。”
这句谚语是对天津港口起源的形象化说明。宋代华亭（即上海）、杭州、泉州、广州四大市舶司均与妈祖庙建在一起。
还有营口、烟台、青岛、连云港等都是以妈祖庙的兴建为标志，使荒凉的渔村变为繁荣的港口城市。香港北佛堂摩崖石刻和《九龙彭蒲罔村林氏族谱》关于妈祖信仰自南宋传入的记载，则成为香港历史文献记载的第一笔。
澳门地名的葡萄牙语称作MACAU，就是粤语“妈阁”的音译。台湾同胞把早期的分灵妈祖称为“开台妈祖”，这更充分说明妈祖渡台和宝岛开发是直接关联的。
在科学技术史上，妈祖庙也有其独特的地位。古代一种航海习俗：在新船下水出航时，必须同时制作一只模型供奉在妈祖庙内，这样妈祖就会时刻关心此船的安全。
所以许多妈祖庙内便留下了大量的古代船模。山东长岛庙岛与妈祖庙的古船模多达350多只，包括福船、沙船和民族英雄邓世昌供奉的“威远号”军舰模型。
这些船模成为研究我国古代造船历史的重要资料。现存一批妈祖庙古建筑，如福建泉州、山东、江西景德镇、广东澄海、贵州镇远和宁波庆安会馆等天后宫，从庙宇结构造型到各类雕刻构件，都是极为珍贵的我国古代建筑艺术的精品。
此外，各地妈祖庙还保存一些特殊的科技文物。如莆田涵江天后宫存有一幅明代星图，是研究我国古代利用星图定向航海的难得实物资料。
天津天后宫所存的灭火“水机”，是迄今发现最早的机械消防器材之一。 妈祖文化的外延仅直接记载妈祖信仰的历史文献资料最保守的估计超过一百万字。
它涉及经济、政治、军事、外交、文学、艺术、教育、科技、宗教、民俗、华侨、移民等领域的许多课题，内容相当丰富，史料价值很高。 妈祖民间信仰的学术价值在本世纪70年代起就引起学者的注意，作为一门学问进行研究。
我国著名的历史学家顾颉刚、客肇祖先后发表了多篇关于《天后》的论文，在学术界引起反响。台湾学者李献璋自60年代起，经过20年的研究，终于写成了《妈祖信仰研究》一书，成为妈祖研究第一部学术性较高的专著。
妈祖故里的学者自80年代起，掀起了妈祖研究热潮，先后。
4.免费的英语学习网站!
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5.妈祖文化及其国际传播
妈祖是流传于中国沿海地区的汉族民间信仰。
妈祖文化肇于宋、成于元、兴于明、盛于清、繁荣于近现代，妈祖文化体现了汉族海洋文化的一种特质。历史上宋代出使高丽、元代海运漕运、明代郑和下西洋、清代复台定台，这一切都体现海洋文化的特征。
汉族民间在海上航行要先在船舶启航前要先祭妈祖，祈求保佑顺风和安全，在船舶上立妈祖神位供奉。这就是“有海水处有华人，华人到处有妈祖”的真实写照。
而影响所及，妈祖由航海关系而演变为“海神”、“护航女神”等，因此形成了海洋文化史中最重要的汉族民间信仰崇拜神之一。
6.英语论文 the relation between language and culture
Culture and language are deeply related in that language can be used to reflect the culture of a particular society or the language can reflect the culture and its world view. Language is used to express and sustain culture and cultural associations that exist in a given society. Different ideas result from the use of different languages within a culture. World view is a structure consisting of ideas and beliefs through which a person interprets the world around him and also the world view determines how the person interacts with it. World view can be shaped by the culture and language that is common in a particular society. This is because people in a society use their language to express their culture thus expressing the world view in that society.Ways in which language reflects culture and worldview The relationship between culture and language begins when one is born. This is because a child is exposed to the environment and this helps him/her to become part of his cultural team. The surroundings and the people the child interacts with shape the life of a child, his thoughts and language. People in a society are not the same both physically and psychologically and the interaction varies from one person to another and from one place to another. The behavioral patterns that are exhibited by these different groups will vary and they may be approved or disapproved (Soler, &Jorda, 2008). The same behavior patterns will vary from one place to another hence forming the foundations of various cultures. The differences in culture and behavior form different world views for a person and society. Culture is said to be the beliefs and values that are used to manage people's life in a particular society and people use the language in the society to express the different views in the society. This makes the person's views to depend on the culture that has shaped them. A person describes his/her view using the language that has been developed by his/her culture. The understanding of people's culture can be improved by knowing their language (Jandt, 2004). People's world view can differ even if they are brought in similar behavioral patterns and culture as they speak different languages. The language a person uses to express his/her views will limit him/her. This is because various languages create different restrictions thus different people sharing the same culture and speaking different languages will have different world views. This is an indication that language is formed by culture and the culture of a society can be revealed through language. This culture is transferred to a new generation through the use of language. Thus for a child to learn a new language he should learn the new culture. The world view of a given society will depend on the culture in that society and also the language the people in that society use. This has forced many teachers and parents to teach the young children their culture and language so as to give the children the right views on their culture. The teachers should use materials that include the culture and language of that particular society in their work so as to help the students understand their cultural background and their language use (Adler, &Rodman, 1997).Ads by Google They can do so by choosing the right training styles so as to discover the differences that result from the use of various languages in a society that is sharing a single culture. This will help the student in understanding his/her culture as he/she will not have a bad conception. Language policy can be used to make people aware of the cultural variations in the society and also to understand them. This will help the people in the society to accept their culture and also maintain multiculturalism in the society (Adler,&Rodman,1997). There are three concepts that can be used to identify or explain a world view in a given culture by analyzing the language used. A cultural code is made up of beliefs and values of a given society. The culture of a given society trains the members in the society how to behave. It also trains people on how to interpret things and forms a person's personality. All these things are done through the use of language to express culture. Conversation helps people in the society to express their culture through verbal means or non verbal means. The language that is developed by a given culture is used to communicate the world view in the society and also help in interaction. Culture and language gives an individual a sense of belonging by making him/her to be part of a given community (Jandt, 2004).Conclusion Language and culture are entwined such that people in the society cannot live without 。
7.英语专业论文的acknowledgements怎么写,不要和以前的版本一样
Acknowledgment
At the point of finishing this paper, I'd like to express my sincere thanks to all those who have lent me hands in the course of my writing this paper. First of all, I'd like to take this opportunity to show my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Ms. , who has given me so much useful advices on my writing, and has tried her best to improve my paper. Secondly, I'd like to express my gratitude to my classmates who offered me references and information on time. Last but not the least, I'd like to thank those leaders, teachers and working staff especially those in the School of Foreign Languages. Without their help, it would be much harder for me to finish my study and this paper.
8.food cultures in America and China英语论文相关资料
The Comparison and Research about Chinese and Western Food Cultures 1. Introduction Food, as essential prerequisite for existence, is any substance that provides the nutrients necessary to maintain life and growth when ingested (Pamela & Kathryn, 1998:2). It plays an irreplaceable role in the development of society and in the progress of human beings, whether in ancient times when primitive man ate the raw flesh of birds and beasts or in modern times when humans have entered the new era of information, and whether in East or in West. There are great disparities between China and Western countries in etiquette and content of food cultures, so the comparative study of Chinese & Western food cultures will help us increase cross-cultural awareness that tolerating, understanding, and furthermore, appreciating and respecting cultural difference is essential if we are to achieve cross-cultural competence during the interaction. Moreover, as we communicate with people from different cultures, we will learn more about them and their way of life, including their history, values and the substance of their personality, and eventually, we will understand them better, or feel empathy with them. Based on the above-mentioned purposes, the author of this thesis hopes this research, to some extent, be of significance both theoretically and practically. 2. Theoretical Foundations 2.1 Defining culture What is culture? How to define it? Culture is a system of shared benefits, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that the members of a society use with their world and with one another, and that are transmitted from generation through learning (Longman Dictionary, 2002:535) We define culture as the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, meaning。
9.有题为my college life 英文的论文吗
What can you do to make your college life colorful ? describe the ideal life in college .
When I was in high school , I had dreamt of having a wonderful life in college . I said to myself that I would do lots of interesting things to make the next few years filled with happiness. I even make a detailed plan . but when I entered college I found it quite different from what I thought before ,I felt a little depressed .As I don't know what to do after class .in fact , we have far less lessons than we had in high school;. So , what should I do in the long spare time . I didn't know ,so I spent much of my time reading , you know ,some novels , but ,day after day ,I began to feel boring only to read . Will the next four years be the same ? I wondered .if so , I will be crazy ,Four years have too much spare time , four years reading novels ,four years feel depressed ,I couldn't think more about it .So after a period of several weeks , I started to make a plan for my college life , in order to make it colorful and valuable . First of all , I should get up early in the morning rather than sleep late , even on the weekends, then I can do some exercises as body building .Second , I should go to the library , of course , not just for novels , other kinds of books like maths , English are included . if I still have some spare tie , I will find a part-time job . in this way , I could gain some money and what is the most important, experience , I can know more about the real world .
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