众文网1.金融专业毕业论文的外文翻译
2
"STOCKM ARKETD EVELOPMENAT NDL ONG-RUNG ROWTH"
BYROSS LEVINE AND SARA ZERVOS
World stock markets are booming. Developing country stock markets compose a
disproportionately large amount of this growth. Over the past 10 years, world stock market
capitalization rose from $4.7 trillion to $15.2 trillion, and emerging market capitalization jumped
from less than 4 percent to almost 13 percent of total world capitalization. Similarly, over this
decade, the trading of shares on emerging stock exchanges rose from less than 3 percent to 17
percent of the total value of transactions on the world's stock exchanges. Further, Korajczyk
(1996) shows that emerging markets have become more integrated with world capital markets
during the past seven years. The blossoming of emerging stock markets has attracted the
attention of international investors. Portfolio equity flows to emerging markets jumped from
$150 million in 1984 to over $39 billion in 1995. Yet, there exists very little empirical evidence
on the relationship between stock market development and long-run economic growth.
(1995) argue that liquid stock markets can increase incentives to get information about firms and improve corporate governance. Finally, Obstfeld (1994) shows that international risk sharing 3 through internationally integrated stock markets improves resource allocation and can accelerate the rate of economic growth. Theoretical disagreement exists, however, about the importance of stock markets for economic growth. Mayer (1988) argues that even large stock markets are unimportant sources of corporate finance. Stiglitz (1985, 1993) says that stock market liquidity will not enhance incentives for acquiring information about firms or exerting corporate governance. Moreover, Devereux and Smith (1994) emphasize that greater risk sharing through internationally integrated我有全文，可是字数限制贴起来好麻烦
2.求一份金融专业方面的外文文献（毕业论文用）,如果有翻译更好,
金融衍生工具和流通量的上升流通的社会结构性成因 激增的短期投机资本通过这种承受风险的衍生物的流通而变得具体和富有生气 似乎从正在进行的全球经济的基本社会结构的变革中反映，放大和升华Eatwell and Taylor 2002。
上述现象更是使重要性日益增强的流动性与金融机构及工具的发展特别是在流动性资本方面的关系得到了不断的发展Prykeand Allen 2000。这似乎是现代资本主义的内在动力强迫他们趋向于追逐更高的，更具全球范围意义的生产标准，那似乎是在产生那样一种能够连接自身成为社会结构价值的，逐渐上升的复杂标准。
虽然在当时并没有发现从二十世纪七十年代开始欧美工业生产的潜力已经耗尽了Brenner 1998，需要一定的空间来补救和修复Harvey 2000 James 2001。 许多行业需要探索新的途径来对更边缘的地区进行一体化（特别是南亚地区），以此来支撑受过度的产品生产和过多的资本积累强制驱动的，从而引发的关键性矛盾。
正如斯皮罗所说1999，欧美资本主义所产生和吸收的资本量（尤其是欧佩克成员国），在大部分现有的工业部门，已经超过了它能有利润的进行资本再投资的需求量。因此哈维1982所评论说“如果平衡被重新恢复，需要一个过程，即通过运行生产系统消除过剩的资本，那么资本过度积累的趋势将被自动抵消。”
宗主国响应的一个关键性方面是欧美公司全球性的重组，开始把大量工业原材料的生产和原件的制造外包给那些较先进的发展中国家的较发达地区。通常是南亚，特别是中国是这次重组的主要受惠者Singh 2002。
那些先进地区边缘的内陆地区也包括整个国家，比如巴基斯坦，也成为了原材料和手工劳动产品（例如：纺织品）的外包中心。尽管还有一些国家，特别是虽然不是只在沙哈拉以南的非洲地区，他们参加这个过程仅仅给人以边缘的和偶然的感觉。
正如邦德（2001）的分析师认为，像莫桑比克和乍得这样的国家，似乎被全球经济所孤立除了那些最受剥削的方面。 生产的这一改组接连产生了那些传统解决办法不能解决的问题Hoogvelt1997。
与先前的国际贸易的形式形成对比，这种从二十世纪七十年代开始的重组活动，引发并导致了生产过程在基本投入阶段的破裂Jones 2000。契约化外包服务（在给定的时间范围内提供产品的协议）的增值和机构化，使得那些公司必须去解决的风险增加了，并且风险被重新配置。
新的、表面上看来，更不容易控制的风险，例如政治风险、交易对手风险和货币风险，即将出现。为了规避这些风险，正如希勒（1993）评论的那样，金融机构开始为企业客户开发衍生物及其市场。
为了使那些衍生物变得富有效率，它们的市场需要是易变现的（具有流 ，使公司负责人能够依照他们的需求来购买和销售。流动性需求连同这动性的）些市场自我扩张的结构，为吸收那些在宗主国过度积累的资本提供了新的出路和机会，孕育新的机构，比如对冲基金和新的银行业部门，那专门研究如何对管理投机资本。
而且，因为资产池的不断扩大，及金融技术人员塑造出新的衍生工具合约来扩大投机资本的范围和最大限度的发挥投机资本的杠杆作用，加之新技术的运用使得在全球范围内不分昼夜的进行交易成为可能，这种资本的经济力量正在以指数方式增长。那些数字确实的让人惊奇：每年进行交易的金融衍生工具的 。
根价值已经接近一百万亿美元，而绝大多数在未受管制的场外交易市场（OTC）据美国财政部2003，那些银行集团企业，JP 摩根大通，目前已经有一个衍生成的有根基的能够控制超过两万亿美元外国货币的阵地，超过绝大多数国家的国民生产总值。因此生产的最重要的产物是迅速的成为连通性物流的生产活动，通信网络，金融工具和技术，用来援助和扩大其流通性。
投机资本，金融衍生品和风险 根据提示，金融衍生品是这个循环社会结构的一个组成部分，具有三个相互关联的因素。三个因素中首先是投机资本，这是一个巨大的，任意的，非生产导向性的和不断的扩大资金池移动性的，游动的，存在于绝大多数投资银行例如：高盛，私自拥有对冲基金e.g. LTCM和特别是那些最大公司的财务部门（例如：通用电气财务公司）手中。
这些银行、基金和部门坐落在文化和精神上，要不然的话就是欧洲和美国的地缘政治景观。第二个因素是金融衍生产品及其市场。
这套联动体系在许多方面参与全球市场，其中最有意义的是扩大了这些产品的销售。这是重要的，因为金融衍生产品是投机资本在全球市场上所运用的最重要的工具。
金融衍生产品在本质上是基于货币价格（即利率）或国家间货币的关系进行变动。从市场角度出发，它们似乎是必要的和自然的，因为它们被与在全球化当中其核心作用的流动性有关的风险所激发。
最后一个因素是最近铸造成的和具有决定性的风险概念：是新的，因为风险被从不确定的和限定的实体领域所抽取出来，因为它构成了这种产品和衍生物的价格。这些因素的构造和组合构成了金融流通文化的分子结构。
虽然三者本身多不是新的，他们的组合，重新定义，制度化和技术放大在世界经济的运作方式上产生了根本性的转变，以流通的范围不断的扩大和自主性不。
3.求论文外文翻译（金融专业人士进,谢绝电脑翻译）
Restraint accepting Chang Yang county County economic development level and oneself area characteristic for a long time,lack finances , investment and financing restrain the major factor becoming the economic growth affecting the person. The article investment and financing channel with regard to Chang Yang county County has carried out analysis , has listed and the problem that Chang Yang county County there exists in investment and financing at present, specifically for whose have problem has brought forward the method structuring the investment and financing channel diversification combining with Chang Yang county County self's characteristic. The countermeasure broadening the Chang Yang county County investment and financing channel and the investment and financing way being innovative is included: Hang building investment and financing platform; Policy financial system being innovative; Perfect commercial banking serves system; Issue the local government bond; Build agricultural industrialization investment funds waiting.
文章有些长、、望认真看完、、标准人工翻译、、希望可以帮助你、、
4.毕业论文—外文翻译
Online banking (or Internet banking) allows customers to conduct financial transactions on a secure website operated by their retail or virtual bank, credit union or building society. Features Online banking solutions have many features and capabilities in common, but traditionally also have some that are application specific. The common features fall broadly into several categories Transactional (e.g., performing a financial transaction such as an account to account transfer, paying a bill, wire transfer。
and applications。 apply for a loan, new account, etc.) Electronic bill presentment and payment - EBPP Funds transfer between a customer's own checking and savings accounts, or to another customer's account Investment purchase or sale Loan applications and transactions, such as repayments Non-transactional (e.g., online statements, check links, cobrowsing, chat) Bank statements Financial Institution Administration - features allowing the financial institution to manage the online experience of their end users ASP/Hosting Administration - features allowing the hosting company to administer the solution across financial institutions Features commonly unique to business banking include Support of multiple users having varying levels of authority Transaction approval process Wire transfer Features commonly unique to Internet banking include Personal financial management support, such as importing data into a personal finance program such as Quicken, Microsoft Money or TurboTax. Some online banking platforms support account aggregation to allow the customers to monitor all of their accounts in one place whether they are with their main bank or with other institutions。
[edit] History The precursor for the modern home online banking services were the distance banking services over electronic media from the early '80s (the term online became popular in the late '80s). These services used the videotex system. In the US the first bank to offer these services did so in 1981 and by 1985 at least 37 banks offered videotex banking services. Because of the commercial failure of videotex these banking services never became popular except in France where the use of videotex (Minitel) was subsidised by the telecom provider. Security Protection through single password authentication, as is the case in most secure Internet shopping sites, is not considered secure enough for personal online banking applications in some countries. Basically there exist two different security methods for online banking. The PIN/TAN system where the PIN represents a password, used for the login and TANs representing one-time passwords to authenticate transactions. TANs can be distributed in different ways, the most popular one is to send a list of TANs to the online banking user by postal letter. The most secure way of using TANs is to generate them by need using a security token. These token generated TANs depend on the time and a unique secret, stored in the security token (this is called two-factor authentication or 2FA). Usually online banking with PIN/TAN is done via a web browser using SSL secured connections, so that there is no additional encryption needed. Signature based online banking where all transactions are signed and encrypted digitally. The Keys for the signature generation and encryption can be stored on smartcards or any memory medium, depending on the concrete implementation. Attacks Most of the attacks on online banking used today are based on deceiving the user to steal login data and valid TANs. Two well known examples for those attacks are phishing and pharming. Cross-site scripting and keylogger/Trojan horses can also be used to steal login information. A method to attack signature based online banking methods is to manipulate the used software in a way, that correct transactions are shown on the screen and faked transactions are signed in the background. Countermeasures There exist several countermeasures which try to avoid attacks. Digital certificates are used against phishing and pharming, the use of class-3 card readers is a measure to avoid manipulation of transactions by the software in signature based online banking variants. To protect their systems against Trojan horses, users should use virus scanners and be careful with downloaded software or e-mail attachments. In 2001 the FFIEC issued guidance for multifactor authentication (MFA) and then required to be in place by the end of 2006. -------------------- 网路银行 （或称 线上银行、电子银行） 常用转帐或付费功能上的银行服务。透过银行的网路安全机制，让客户可。
5.金融学论文：华译网金融学论文翻译
华译网是金融学论文翻译翻译公司，在金融学论文翻译翻译方面非常专业，包括英译中和中译英金融学论文翻译翻译，华译网建立有严密的质量保证体系，以确保翻译质量，，他们的翻译价格质量是行业的标准价格，翻译的质量很高，是资深的翻译公司，华译网从建立以来得到了很多客户的称赞。
严格的译者选聘考核程序和科学的翻译业务流程共同构成华译网翻译公司完整的质量保证体系。1、译者选聘和考核程序严格的译者选聘和考核程序是我们提供高水平翻译服务的基础。
长期以来一贯注重人才的挖掘与培养，至今已积累起了一大批卓越杰出的翻译及管理精英。华译网翻译公司的专兼职高级翻译，大多是来自清华北大等著名高等学府的教授、各大科研机构的专家、各大部委的资深翻译和顶尖大学的博士硕士等高素质人才。
所有这些专兼职翻译都从社会公开招聘，由高级翻译、译审、外籍专家实行层层筛选、试译、面试，达到我们的要求才进行录用。 多年的翻译实践和管理经验使我们深知，译者的翻译质量不仅取决于译员的语言知识和技巧，而且同样依赖于他们的专业技术知识鉴于此，我们制定了一套独特的译员评审和录用标准：（1）必须具有很高的外文水平，可以熟练运用至少一门外语；（2）具备很深的中文功底，中文表达能力较强；（3）必须具备某一领域的专业背景并获得相应专业学位，受过相关专业技术培训，在该领域具有丰富的工作经验；（4）每个译员必须具有三年以上专兼职翻译经验。
华译网翻译公司对译者每次翻译任务的完成情况都进行评分和记录，对他们的职业操守和责任心做客观评价，作为决定是否聘用和继续录用的标准。本公司只录用经严格审核后表现优异的译员，这也是我们维护公司良好声誉的方法之一。
2、科学的翻译业务流程（1）项目分析：由一名高级翻译牵头对收到的稿件内容进行初步分析，确定专业范围和难易程度；（2）成立相应的项目小组，项目小组由若干专业翻译组成，并指派一名经验丰富的项目经理；（3）建立词汇表：在正式翻译前项目经理应摘出翻译材料中的关键词汇和专业词汇，认真翻译关键词汇和专业词汇创建统一的词汇表，小组每个专业翻译人员需根据词汇表进行翻译。（4）正式翻译：为保证高质量的翻译，在翻译过程中项目小组成员要经常沟通，项目经理负责整个翻译过程；（5）译审或专家校稿：请资深翻译对译稿进行最后把关；（6）质量跟踪：项目完成后由专人准时将译稿交付客户并对译稿进行质量跟踪，客户如提出修改意见，翻译管理部要及时、认真地进行修改。
有关英语翻译价格和英语翻译质量的更多信息，请在百度里搜索“华译网翻译公司”，登录其官方网站浏览英语翻译价格等有关栏目。
6.600分求毕业论文中的外文翻译,要有外文原文和译文
Shallow view college students（浅析大学生消费观） In the current consumption market, as a special group is receiving more and more attention. Cell phones, Internet, sports, tourism, av equipment are students of consumption. Their younger age, different from other social consumer groups of consumer psychology and behavior. On one hand has strong consumption demand, on the other hand, has obtained the financial independence. Consumer spending power of advanced concepts, the lag and has great influence on them. With this curious, we investigated the students listened, currently the teachers.Results showed that the following reasons for college students have a profound influence on the view.First, family environment for students of consumption "congenital". Family is the basic factors restricting their consumption. Most students from rural areas currently. Rural students would not spend a lot of money to buy a bar of chocolate, biscuit, candy and snacks. A classmate of institute of grammar, told reporters he every month in the consumption of food and supplies, and a small part of life. However, the students from the developed city, in the free allowance is master circumstance, even the remaining money to spend on hair, clothing, accessories, and other items. MP3 Second, the consumption of college campus environment. According to the understanding of the ", just past 11 golden weeks, "some travel agency" lovers swims "travel group, a lot of students. Some boys to girls, the pursuit of cosmetics, snacks, flowers as "sociology". In the investigation and discussion, we found that the students love more than 100 - month about spending at least 200 yuan, also has 50 yuan, the highest reach 500 yuan. One of the students of agronomy humorously tells a reporter, dating from the average expenses for the situation had been broken and three kinds, namely, man should take all NanNvFang share and the initiative of all, girls love spending even more than the situation.Internet addiction among is one where money. Some students spend all day in the net cafe, wasting their time and energy, and parents hard-earned money.Third, social environment influence on college students' view. In the interview process, a eppo school students told reporters: "some students fashion and famous, too." compare existing In the seminar, some students, in order to have a phone or a paragraph on the most popular, some classmates to economize, even sacrifice other necessary expenses. Some male classmate to buy a pair of shoes, the female classmate brand in order to buy a set of famous cosmetic or a brand-name clothes at hand to his family, money or borrow money from their classmates, these reflects some students don't know into, and driven them form the vanity of endless themselves. In addition, the male classmate hair, earrings, female students, also make positive modelling teachers and parents worried.College students are the pillars of the construction of the future society, its consumption ideas and directly affected the life character and the influence of the motherland, indirect jiangshan justice. Good training and strengthening consumer habits will get to the school, good shape, and formed the role of school student wind virtuous circle. Therefore, the schools should set students' good consumption psychology and behavior of the cultivation of campus culture construction as an important component. Facing the current as of inviting advertising the snowflake fly to the university campus, teachers and parents have necessary guidance from the side with the correct method, students correct view firmly. College students from his actual consumption of the economic situation, develop simple life style, develop good consumption habits and consumption mentality. 在当前的消费市场中，大学生作为一个特殊的消费群体正受到越来越多的关注。
手机、旅游、上网、运动、影音器材都是大学生的消费热点。他们年龄较轻，有着不同于社会其他消费群体的消费心理和行为。
一方面有着旺盛的消费需求，另一方面，尚未获得经济上的独立。消费观念的超前和消费实力的滞后，都对他们有很大影响。
带着这样的好奇，我们调查了农大的同学，听取了老师们的意见。 调查结果显示，下面几种原因对大学生的消费观有着深刻的影响。
第一，家庭环境对大学生的消费观产生“先天性”的影响。家庭条件是大学生消费的根本制约因素。
农大学生大部分来自于农村。农村来的学生不愿花费很多钱去买巧克力、饼干、糖果之类的零食。
文法学院的一位同学告诉记者，他每个月的消费大部分用在伙食及学习用品上，还有一小部分是生活用品。但是，来自发达城市的学生，。
7.金融学小论文英文
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