众文网1.想要一篇毕业论文外文翻译,关于创业方面的
[题目] 中小科技型企业创业融资障碍分析
The Analysis of Financing Barriers for Small and Medium-sized Scientific and Technical Enterprises
[摘要] 中小科技型企业比大企业更有活力，发展中小科技型企业对于促进我国国民经济的发展有非常重要的作用。
Abstract: Because small and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs) are more energic than big-sized enterprises, the development of small and medium-sized scientific and technical enterprises(SMSTEs) plays an important role in the promotion of China's national economy.
但是随着经济的发展，中小科技型企业在发展中的一些问题也逐渐显现出来，其中最为突出的就是融资问题。
However, with the development of economy, some problems of SMSTEs has been emerged gradually, among which the financing problem is the biggest one.
如何为中小科技型企业创造一个好的融资环境和通畅的融资渠道成为促进中小科技型企业健康快速发展的关键问题。
How to create good financing environment and free financing channels for SMSTEs, which becomes a key issue to boost the healthy and rapid development of SMSTEs
本文着重从多方面分析当前中小科技型企业在发展过程中融资难的原因，并提出了相关的对策建议，以期对解决中小科技型企业融资难的问题有所启示。
The paper focuses on analyzing the current reasons of hard financing in the development of SMSTEs from various aspects and brings forward relevant countermeasures and suggestions in order to solve the problem of hard financing for SMSTEs.
[关键词] 中小科技型企业；融资；障碍；对策
Key words: Small and medium-sized scientific and technical enterprises(SMSTE), Financing, Barriers, Countermeasures
人工翻译的。你自己安排一下格式就好了。题目和关键词中的大小写不要变。文中的small and medium-sized scientific and technical enterprises简称是SMSTEs，只要在第一处用上全称并在括号里表明它的简称，后面表述中就只要用简称。
2.【哪位英语达人帮我翻译一个关于中小企业融资的外文文献吧
传统的智慧认为不足的中小企业融资是植根于"供方"功能很大程度上.就是金融机构的运作的方式对提供中小企融资偏见 ； 作为结果很多银行及其它财务机构成为中涉及与中小型企业不感兴趣.传统视图中突出显示多个因素，可能会限制金融机构.若要开始，因为它们很难确定公司是否有能力 （既有可行的项目） 的薪酬和/或 （由于向道德风险） 支付意愿的 opaque.Opaqueness 意味着中小企融资难.此 opaqueness 特别是削弱贷款从想从事更非人格化的机构或手臂长度融资的需要努力，目标和透明的信息.第二，相对于大的公司中小企是更容易不拘特别在发展中国家.这不仅使 opaqueness 糟糕的却也带来了更多的障碍和风险中小企业 lending.8，例如，银行不能借给中小型企业，更会保证公司不会报告可靠地他们全面金融活动对其财务 statements.9 再说，如果 informality 表示该公司有 unrecorded 或有高级负债政府和自己的员工.面对这种风险：税和/或劳动部门可能会导致这类责任具体化，银行会借少为中小型企业或收取更高的风险溢价.（不好意思，有些词不会翻译.- ）。
3.融资英文文献
融资英文文献（6000字左右 ） 作者：Justin.Athur.winner。
Commercial Financing Solutions - Think Outside The Bank July,2007 by Stephen Bush Commercial financing borrowers are likely to feel that a traditional bank is their best source for business financing. However, because most traditional banks focus on a small number of established industries, non-traditional (non-bank) and non-local commercial lenders should be considered for most commercial financing situations. Therefore the recommended commercial financing strategy (as discussed in this article) is to Think Outside the Bank”. There are several commercial financing situations in which commercial borrowers will frequently find that non-traditional commercial lenders are better positioned to provide terms that are more advantageous to the commercial borrower: (1) Business cash advance and credit card factoring programs; (2) commercial mortgage loans; and (3) credit card processing programs. In some cases a traditional bank will offer to provide commercial financing but will attach excessively stringent terms and covenants. In other cases a traditional bank will decline the commercial financing outright, perhaps because they do not even provide business financing to the commercial borrower's particular industry. In either case, the commercial borrower is likely to benefit by Thinking Outside the Bank”. As I noted in an earlier commercial financing article, in many non-competitive business financing situations it is not unusual for a local traditional bank to impose harsher commercial financing terms than would typically be seen in a more competitive business financing market. Such traditional banks routinely take advantage of a relative lack of other commercial lenders in their local market. An appropriate response by commercial borrowers is to seek out non-bank commercial financing options. It is neither necessary nor wise for commercial borrowers to depend only upon local traditional banks for commercial financing solutions. For most commercial financing situations, a non-local and non-bank commercial lender is likely to provide improved business financing terms because they are accustomed to competing aggressively with other commercial lenders. COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE ONE - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK Business Cash Advance and Credit Card Receivables Programs Most businesses that accept credit cards in their business will qualify for a business cash advance with their credit card receivables. Traditional banks will typically be very poor candidates to consider if a business needs assistance with credit card factoring and business cash advances. Because even thriving businesses frequently need more cash than they can borrow from a bank, it can be of critical importance for a business to Think Outside the Bank” and locate non-traditional lenders to assist with this commercial financing need. COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE TWO - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK Commercial Mortgage Loans Two of the most common commercial financing difficulties experienced by commercial borrowers can be avoided if they Think Outside the Bank”. The first commercial financing situation is the prevailing practice of traditional banks to avoid most special purpose properties (such as funeral homes and churches). The second commercial financing situation is the typical practice of most commercial banks to attach balloon and/or recall provisions to their commercial loans (which means that the bank can require early repayment of the commercial loan under various conditions). Both of these undesirable commercial financing situations can usually and easily be avoided by considering a non-traditional and non-bank lender. COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE THREE - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK Credit Card Processing Programs The choice of an appropriate credit card processing service can be instrumental in improving the profitability of businesses with a high volume of credit card activity. The analysis of credit card processing providers can be effectively combined with the credit card factoring and credit card receivables process described above. In assessing a business cash advance program, it is frequently possible to simultaneously arrange for a substantial improvement in the merchant's credit card processing program. Because traditional banks are usually not competitive in providing assistance with credit card factoring, it is equally likely that a non-traditional lender will be the primary source of effective and competitive help with credit card 。
4.企业融资外文文献
英文图书和期刊类文献：
[1]Allen N.Berger,Gregory F.Udell,“Relationship Lending and Lines of Credit in
Small FirmFinance,”Journal of Business,Vol.68,no.3.(1995),pp.351-381.
[2]Aghion,P.,Incomplete contracts approach to financial contracting,Review of
Economics Studies,1992,Vol.59,p473-494.
[3]Albertode,M.&JulioPindado.Determinants of capital structure:new evidence
from Spanish Panel data[J].Journal of Corporate Finance,2001,(7):77-99.
[4]A.N.Berger,N.H.Miller,M.A.Petersen,R.G.Rajan,J.C.Stein,2001,“Does
Function Follow Organizational Form?Evidence from the Lending Practices of
Large and Small Banks”,Board of Governors of Federal Reserve System
Working Paper.
[5]Azam,J.P.,B.Biais,M.Dia and C.Mauriel.Informal and Formal Credit Markets
and Credit Rationing in Cote D'Ivoire,Oxford Review of Economic Policy,
2001,17(4),520-532.
[6]Bernanke,B.S.,M.Gerler.Inside the Black Box:The Credit Channel of
Monetary Policy Transmission[J].Journal of Economic
Perspectives,1995,(9);27-48.
[7]Barbosa,E.&Moraes,C.,Determinants of the Firm's Capital Structure:the
Case of the Very Small Enterprises,Working Paper from Econpapers,2003,
366-358。
[8]Barton,S.L.&Gordon,P.J.Corporate strategy and capital structure[J].
Strategic Management Journal,1988,9:623-632.
[9]Baxter,N.D.&Cragg,J.G.Corporate choice among long-term financing
instruments[J].Review of Economics and Statistics,1970,(52):225-235.
[10]Berger,A.N.,Udell,G.F.,RelationshipLending andLinesof Credit in Small
Firm Finance[J],Journal ofBusiness,1995,68,351—382.
[11]Berger,A.N.,Udell,and G.F.The Economics of Small Business Finance:
The Roles of Private Equity and Debts Markets in the Financial Growth
Cycle[J].Journal of Banking and Finance,1998,22(6):613-673.
5.求一份金融专业方面的外文文献（毕业论文用）,如果有翻译更好,
金融衍生工具和流通量的上升流通的社会结构性成因 激增的短期投机资本通过这种承受风险的衍生物的流通而变得具体和富有生气 似乎从正在进行的全球经济的基本社会结构的变革中反映，放大和升华Eatwell and Taylor 2002。
上述现象更是使重要性日益增强的流动性与金融机构及工具的发展特别是在流动性资本方面的关系得到了不断的发展Prykeand Allen 2000。这似乎是现代资本主义的内在动力强迫他们趋向于追逐更高的，更具全球范围意义的生产标准，那似乎是在产生那样一种能够连接自身成为社会结构价值的，逐渐上升的复杂标准。
虽然在当时并没有发现从二十世纪七十年代开始欧美工业生产的潜力已经耗尽了Brenner 1998，需要一定的空间来补救和修复Harvey 2000 James 2001。 许多行业需要探索新的途径来对更边缘的地区进行一体化（特别是南亚地区），以此来支撑受过度的产品生产和过多的资本积累强制驱动的，从而引发的关键性矛盾。
正如斯皮罗所说1999，欧美资本主义所产生和吸收的资本量（尤其是欧佩克成员国），在大部分现有的工业部门，已经超过了它能有利润的进行资本再投资的需求量。因此哈维1982所评论说“如果平衡被重新恢复，需要一个过程，即通过运行生产系统消除过剩的资本，那么资本过度积累的趋势将被自动抵消。”
宗主国响应的一个关键性方面是欧美公司全球性的重组，开始把大量工业原材料的生产和原件的制造外包给那些较先进的发展中国家的较发达地区。通常是南亚，特别是中国是这次重组的主要受惠者Singh 2002。
那些先进地区边缘的内陆地区也包括整个国家，比如巴基斯坦，也成为了原材料和手工劳动产品（例如：纺织品）的外包中心。尽管还有一些国家，特别是虽然不是只在沙哈拉以南的非洲地区，他们参加这个过程仅仅给人以边缘的和偶然的感觉。
正如邦德（2001）的分析师认为，像莫桑比克和乍得这样的国家，似乎被全球经济所孤立除了那些最受剥削的方面。 生产的这一改组接连产生了那些传统解决办法不能解决的问题Hoogvelt1997。
与先前的国际贸易的形式形成对比，这种从二十世纪七十年代开始的重组活动，引发并导致了生产过程在基本投入阶段的破裂Jones 2000。契约化外包服务（在给定的时间范围内提供产品的协议）的增值和机构化，使得那些公司必须去解决的风险增加了，并且风险被重新配置。
新的、表面上看来，更不容易控制的风险，例如政治风险、交易对手风险和货币风险，即将出现。为了规避这些风险，正如希勒（1993）评论的那样，金融机构开始为企业客户开发衍生物及其市场。
为了使那些衍生物变得富有效率，它们的市场需要是易变现的（具有流 ，使公司负责人能够依照他们的需求来购买和销售。流动性需求连同这动性的）些市场自我扩张的结构，为吸收那些在宗主国过度积累的资本提供了新的出路和机会，孕育新的机构，比如对冲基金和新的银行业部门，那专门研究如何对管理投机资本。
而且，因为资产池的不断扩大，及金融技术人员塑造出新的衍生工具合约来扩大投机资本的范围和最大限度的发挥投机资本的杠杆作用，加之新技术的运用使得在全球范围内不分昼夜的进行交易成为可能，这种资本的经济力量正在以指数方式增长。那些数字确实的让人惊奇：每年进行交易的金融衍生工具的 。
根价值已经接近一百万亿美元，而绝大多数在未受管制的场外交易市场（OTC）据美国财政部2003，那些银行集团企业，JP 摩根大通，目前已经有一个衍生成的有根基的能够控制超过两万亿美元外国货币的阵地，超过绝大多数国家的国民生产总值。因此生产的最重要的产物是迅速的成为连通性物流的生产活动，通信网络，金融工具和技术，用来援助和扩大其流通性。
投机资本，金融衍生品和风险 根据提示，金融衍生品是这个循环社会结构的一个组成部分，具有三个相互关联的因素。三个因素中首先是投机资本，这是一个巨大的，任意的，非生产导向性的和不断的扩大资金池移动性的，游动的，存在于绝大多数投资银行例如：高盛，私自拥有对冲基金e.g. LTCM和特别是那些最大公司的财务部门（例如：通用电气财务公司）手中。
这些银行、基金和部门坐落在文化和精神上，要不然的话就是欧洲和美国的地缘政治景观。第二个因素是金融衍生产品及其市场。
这套联动体系在许多方面参与全球市场，其中最有意义的是扩大了这些产品的销售。这是重要的，因为金融衍生产品是投机资本在全球市场上所运用的最重要的工具。
金融衍生产品在本质上是基于货币价格（即利率）或国家间货币的关系进行变动。从市场角度出发，它们似乎是必要的和自然的，因为它们被与在全球化当中其核心作用的流动性有关的风险所激发。
最后一个因素是最近铸造成的和具有决定性的风险概念：是新的，因为风险被从不确定的和限定的实体领域所抽取出来，因为它构成了这种产品和衍生物的价格。这些因素的构造和组合构成了金融流通文化的分子结构。
虽然三者本身多不是新的，他们的组合，重新定义，制度化和技术放大在世界经济的运作方式上产生了根本性的转变，以流通的范围不断的扩大和自主性不。
6.求论文外文翻译（金融专业人士进,谢绝电脑翻译）
Restraint accepting Chang Yang county County economic development level and oneself area characteristic for a long time,lack finances , investment and financing restrain the major factor becoming the economic growth affecting the person. The article investment and financing channel with regard to Chang Yang county County has carried out analysis , has listed and the problem that Chang Yang county County there exists in investment and financing at present, specifically for whose have problem has brought forward the method structuring the investment and financing channel diversification combining with Chang Yang county County self's characteristic. The countermeasure broadening the Chang Yang county County investment and financing channel and the investment and financing way being innovative is included: Hang building investment and financing platform; Policy financial system being innovative; Perfect commercial banking serves system; Issue the local government bond; Build agricultural industrialization investment funds waiting.
文章有些长、、望认真看完、、标准人工翻译、、希望可以帮助你、、
7.融资英文文献
融资英文文献（6000字左右 ） 作者：Justin.Athur.winner。
Commercial Financing Solutions - Think Outside The BankJuly,2007 by Stephen BushCommercial financing borrowers are likely to feel that a traditional bank is their best source for business financing. However, because most traditional banks focus on a small number of established industries, non-traditional (non-bank) and non-local commercial lenders should be considered for most commercial financing situations. Therefore the recommended commercial financing strategy (as discussed in this article) is to Think Outside the Bank”. There are several commercial financing situations in which commercial borrowers will frequently find that non-traditional commercial lenders are better positioned to provide terms that are more advantageous to the commercial borrower: (1) Business cash advance and credit card factoring programs; (2) commercial mortgage loans; and (3) credit card processing programs. In some cases a traditional bank will offer to provide commercial financing but will attach excessively stringent terms and covenants. In other cases a traditional bank will decline the commercial financing outright, perhaps because they do not even provide business financing to the commercial borrower's particular industry. In either case, the commercial borrower is likely to benefit by Thinking Outside the Bank”. As I noted in an earlier commercial financing article, in many non-competitive business financing situations it is not unusual for a local traditional bank to impose harsher commercial financing terms than would typically be seen in a more competitive business financing market. Such traditional banks routinely take advantage of a relative lack of other commercial lenders in their local market. An appropriate response by commercial borrowers is to seek out non-bank commercial financing options. It is neither necessary nor wise for commercial borrowers to depend only upon local traditional banks for commercial financing solutions. For most commercial financing situations, a non-local and non-bank commercial lender is likely to provide improved business financing terms because they are accustomed to competing aggressively with other commercial lenders. COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE ONE - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK Business Cash Advance and Credit Card Receivables Programs Most businesses that accept credit cards in their business will qualify for a business cash advance with their credit card receivables. Traditional banks will typically be very poor candidates to consider if a business needs assistance with credit card factoring and business cash advances. Because even thriving businesses frequently need more cash than they can borrow from a bank, it can be of critical importance for a business to Think Outside the Bank” and locate non-traditional lenders to assist with this commercial financing need. COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE TWO - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK Commercial Mortgage Loans Two of the most common commercial financing difficulties experienced by commercial borrowers can be avoided if they Think Outside the Bank”. The first commercial financing situation is the prevailing practice of traditional banks to avoid most special purpose properties (such as funeral homes and churches). The second commercial financing situation is the typical practice of most commercial banks to attach balloon and/or recall provisions to their commercial loans (which means that the bank can require early repayment of the commercial loan under various conditions). Both of these undesirable commercial financing situations can usually and easily be avoided by considering a non-traditional and non-bank lender. COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE THREE - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK Credit Card Processing Programs The choice of an appropriate credit card processing service can be instrumental in improving the profitability of businesses with a high volume of credit card activity. The analysis of credit card processing providers can be effectively combined with the credit card factoring and credit card receivables process described above. In assessing a business cash advance program, it is frequently possible to simultaneously arrange for a substantial improvement in the merchant's credit card processing program. Because traditional banks are usually not competitive in providing assistance with credit card factoring, it is equally likely that a non-traditional lender will be the primary source of effective and competitive help 。
8.企业融资外文文献
英文图书和期刊类文献：
[1]Allen N.Berger,Gregory F.Udell,“Relationship Lending and Lines of Credit in
Small FirmFinance,”Journal of Business,Vol.68,no.3.(1995),pp.351-381.
[2]Aghion,P.,Incomplete contracts approach to financial contracting,Review of
Economics Studies,1992,Vol.59,p473-494.
[3]Albertode,M.&JulioPindado.Determinants of capital structure:new evidence
from Spanish Panel data[J].Journal of Corporate Finance,2001,(7):77-99.
[4]A.N.Berger,N.H.Miller,M.A.Petersen,R.G.Rajan,J.C.Stein,2001,“Does
Function Follow Organizational Form?Evidence from the Lending Practices of
Large and Small Banks”,Board of Governors of Federal Reserve System
Working Paper.
[5]Azam,J.P.,B.Biais,M.Dia and C.Mauriel.Informal and Formal Credit Markets
and Credit Rationing in Cote D'Ivoire,Oxford Review of Economic Policy,
2001,17(4),520-532.
[6]Bernanke,B.S.,M.Gerler.Inside the Black Box:The Credit Channel of
Monetary Policy Transmission[J].Journal of Economic
Perspectives,1995,(9);27-48.
[7]Barbosa,E.&Moraes,C.,Determinants of the Firm's Capital Structure:the
Case of the Very Small Enterprises,Working Paper from Econpapers,2003,
366-358。
[8]Barton,S.L.&Gordon,P.J.Corporate strategy and capital structure[J].
Strategic Management Journal,1988,9:623-632.
[9]Baxter,N.D.&Cragg,J.G.Corporate choice among long-term financing
instruments[J].Review of Economics and Statistics,1970,(52):225-235.
[10]Berger,A.N.,Udell,G.F.,RelationshipLending andLinesof Credit in Small
Firm Finance[J],Journal ofBusiness,1995,68,351—382.
[11]Berger,A.N.,Udell,and G.F.The Economics of Small Business Finance:
The Roles of Private Equity and Debts Markets in the Financial Growth
Cycle[J].Journal of Banking and Finance,1998,22(6):613-673.
9.求一篇与中小企业融资有关的英文原文,并翻译成中文,要求翻译成中
Abstract: SMEs in a country's economy to play the role of irreplaceability, but its further development is restricted by many factors, the most prominent of these factors in the performance of the financing it has become difficult to control the development of the "bottleneck" , In order to solve the problem of financing, we must first of the status of financing, the paper tried to SMEs on their own status, financing environment, the major difficulties facing such areas to explore, from improving the financing of SMEs in China's laws and regulations, the state-owned Commercial banking reform, the establishment of specialized credit institutions, and other aspects of small and medium enterprises on China's SME financing problems for discussion。
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