众文网1.马尔科夫链在经济预测和决策中的应用
马尔科夫链对经济预测和决策是通过模型来进行的。
马尔可夫链，是指数学中具有马尔可夫性质的离散事件随机过程。该过程中，在给定当前知识或信息的情况下，过去（即当前以前的历史状态）对于预测将来（即当前以后的未来状态）是无关的。
马尔科夫链是一种预测工具。适宜对很多经济现象的描述。最为典型的就是对股票市场的分析。有人利用历史数据预测未来股票或股市走势，发现并不具备明显的准确性，得出的结论是股市无规律可言。
经济学者们用建立马尔科夫链模型来进行预测和决策，一般分为三步，设定状态，计算转移概率矩阵，计算转移的结果。
2.紧急!!谁能帮忙提供数据挖掘中的马尔科夫链的三篇外文参考文献?
google 搜索一下太多了。
A.A. Markov. "Rasprostranenie zakona bol'shih chisel na velichiny, zavisyaschie drug ot druga". Izvestiya Fiziko-matematicheskogo obschestva pri Kazanskom universitete, 2-ya seriya, tom 15, pp. 135–156, 1906.A.A. Markov. "Extension of the limit theorems of probability theory to a sum of variables connected in a chain". reprinted in Appendix B of: R. Howard. Dynamic Probabilistic Systems, volume 1: Markov Chains. John Wiley and Sons, 1971.Classical Text in Translation: A. A. Markov, An Example of Statistical Investigation of the Text Eugene Onegin Concerning the Connection of Samples in Chains, trans. David Link. Science in Context 19.4 (2006): 591–600. Online: . Second edition to appear, Cambridge University Press, 2009.S. P. Meyn. Control Techniques for Complex Networks. Cambridge University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-521-88441-9. Appendix contains abridged Meyn & Tweedie. online: Booth, Taylor L. (1967). Sequential Machines and Automata Theory (1st ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Library of Congress Card Catalog Number 67-25924. Extensive, wide-ranging book meant for specialists, written for both theoretical computer scientists as well as electrical engineers. With detailed explanations of state minimization techniques, FSMs, Turing machines, Markov processes, and undecidability. Excellent treatment of Markov processes pp. 449ff. Discusses Z-transforms, D transforms in their context.Kemeny, John G.; Hazleton Mirkil, J. Laurie Snell, Gerald L. Thompson (1959). Finite Mathematical Structures (1st ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc. Library of Congress Card Catalog Number 59-12841. Classical text. cf Chapter 6 Finite Markov Chains pp. 384ff.E. Nummelin. "General irreducible Markov chains and non-negative operators". Cambridge University Press, 1984, 2004. ISBN 0-521-60494-X Seneta, E. Non-negative matrices and Markov chains. 2nd rev. ed., 1981, XVI, 288 p., Softcover Springer Series in Statistics. (Originally published by Allen & Unwin Ltd., London, 1973) ISBN 978-0-387-29765-1 Kishor S. Trivedi, Probability and Statistics with Reliability, Queueing, and Computer Science Applications, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, 2002. ISBN 0-471-33341-7.K.S.Trivedi and R.A.Sahner, SHARPE at the age of twenty-two, vol. 36, no. 4, pp.-52-57, ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review, 2009.R.A.Sahner, K.S.Trivedi and A. Puliafito, Performance and reliability analysis of computer systems: an example-based approach using the SHARPE software package, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996. ISBN 0-7923-9650-2.G.Bolch, S.Greiner, H.de Meer and K.S.Trivedi, Queueing Networks and Markov Chains, John Wiley, 2nd edition, 2006. ISBN 978-0-7923-9650-5.。
3.马尔可夫链的原理简介
马尔可夫链（Markov Chain），描述了一种状态序列，其每个状态值取决于前面有限个状态。马尔可夫链是具有马尔可夫性质的随机变量的一个数列。这些变量的范围，即它们所有可能取值的集合，被称为“状态空间”，而的值则是在时间n的状态。如果对于过去状态的条件概率分布仅是的一个函数，则
这里x为过程中的某个状态。上面这个恒等式可以被看作是马尔可夫性质。
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