1.全英语论文3000字
Published in 1847, WUTHERING HEIGHTS was not well received by the reading public, many of whom condemned it as sordid, vulgar, and unnatural--and author Emily Bronte went to her grave in 1848 believing that her only novel was a failure. It was not until 1850, when WUTHERING HEIGHTS received a second printing with an introduction by Emily's sister Charlotte, that it attracted a wide readership. And from that point the reputation of the book has never looked back. Today it is widely recognized as one of the great novels of English literature. Even so, WUTHERING HEIGHTS continues to divide readers. It is not a pretty love story; rather, it is swirling tale of largely unlikeable people caught up in obsessive love that turns to dark madness. It is cruel, violent, dark and brooding, and many people find it extremely unpleasant. And yet--it possesses a grandeur of language and design, a sense of tremendous pity and great loss that sets it apart from virtually every other novel written. The novel is told in the form of an extended flashback. After a visit to his strange landlord, a newcomer to the area desires to know the history of the family--which he receives from Nelly Deans, a servant who introduces us to the Earnshaw family who once resided in the house known as Wuthering Heights. It was once a cheerful place, but Old Earnshaw adopted a "Gipsy" child who he named Heathcliff. And Catherine, daughter of the house, found in him the perfect companion: wild, rude, and as proud and cruel as she. But although Catherine loves him, even recognizes him as her soulmate, she cannot lower herself to marry so far below her social station. She instead marries another, and in so doing sets in motion an obsession that will destroy them all. WUTHERING HEIGHTS is a bit difficult to "get into;" the opening chapters are so dark in their portrait of the end result of this obsessive love that they are somewhat off-putting. But they feed into the flow of the work in a remarkable way, setting the stage for one of the most remarkable structures in all of literature, a story that circles upon itself in a series of repetitions as it plays out across two generations. Catherine and Heathcliff are equally remarkable, both vicious and cruel, and yet never able to shed their impossible love no matter how brutally one may wound the other. As the novel coils further into alcoholism, seduction, and one of the most elaborately imagined plans of revenge it gathers into a ghostly tone: Heathcliff, driven to madness by a woman who is not there but who seems reflected in every part of his world--dragging her corpse from the grave, hearing her calling to him from the moors, escalating his brutality not for the sake of brutality but so that her memory will never fade, so that she may never leave his mind until death itself. Yes, this is madness, insanity, and there is no peace this side of the grave or even beyond. Many people in the world are trying to find a perfect companion.Some of these may marry and not know what their new husband or wife is like.This kind of situation often leads to separation or hostility. Other situations may develop between two friends that stem from jealousy, desire for revenge, uncaring parents, etc. Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights displays several characteristics of destructive relationships. Three of these are uncaring parents, marriage without knowing the person, and jealousy. Uncaring or unsympathizing parents are shown throughout this story to be an element of destructive relationships. Because Heathcliff gained all the attention from Mr. Earnshaw, Hindley became disassociated from his father. This separation continued until after Mr. Earnshaw had died.Another example is between Hindley and Hareton. Hindley became such a drunk and a gambler that he could not properly care for young Hareton. This led to a separation between Hareton and his father as well. One primary example of an uncaring parent is shown between Heathcliff and his son Linton.Heathcliff did not even want his son for anything except enacting a part of his revenge. This is shown by Linton's fear of Heathcliff and Heathcliff's enmity toward his son. Linton even says "。
my father threatened me, and I dread him - I dread him!"(244) to express his feeling about Heathcliff.The hostility and separation between father and son in this book shows that uncaring parents can cause serious damage in relationships with their children. This element of destructive behavior may stem from an unhappy marriage in which the husbands or wives don't know each other. This had happened between Isabella and Heathcliff. Isabella did not really 。
2.跪求一篇英语毕业论文
Jane Eyre — A Beautiful Soul Jane Eyre, is a poor but aspiring, small in body but huge in soul, obscure but self-respecting girl. After we close the covers of the book, after having a long journey of the spirit, Jane Eyre, a marvelous figure, has left us so much to recall and to think: We remember her goodness: for someone who lost arms and blinded in eyes, for someone who despised her for her ordinariness, and even for someone who had hurt her deeply in the past. We remember her pursuit of justice. It's like a companion with the goodness. But still, a virtuous person should promote the goodness on one side and must check the badness on the other side. We remember her self-respect and the clear situation on equality. In her opinion, everyone is the same at the God's feet. Though there are differences in status、in property and also in appearance, but all the human being are equal in personality. We also remember her striving for life, her toughness and her confidence… When we think of this girl, what she gave us was not a pretty face or a transcendent temperament that make us admire deeply, but a huge charm of her personality. Actually, she wasn't pretty, and of course, the ordinary appearance didn't make others feel good of her, even her own aunt felt disgusted with it. And some others even thought that she was easy to look down on and to tease, so when Miss Ingram met Jane Eyre, she seemed quite contemptuous, for that she was obviously much more prettier than 'the plain and ugly governess'. But as the little governess had said: 'Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless? You think wrong!' This is the idea of equality in Jane Eyre's mind. God hadn't given her beauty and wealth, but instead, God gave her a kind mind and a thinking brain. Her idea of equality and self-respect impress us so much and let us feel the power inside her body. In my mind, though a person's beauty on the face can make others once feel that one is attractive and charming, if his or her mind isn't the same beautiful as the appearance, such as beauty cannot last for, when others find that the beauty which had charmed them was only a falsity, it's not true, they will like the person no more. For a long time, only a person's great virtue, a noble soul, a beautiful heart can be called as AN EVERLASTING BEAUTY, just as Kahill Gibran has said, that 'Beauty is a heart enflamed and a soul enchanted'. I can feel that how beauty really is, as we are all fleshly men, so we can't distinguish whether a man is of nobleness or humbleness, but fleshly men, so we can't distinguish whether a man is of nobleness or humbleness, but as there are great differences in our souls, and from that, we can know that whether a man is noble or ordinary, and even obscure, that is, whether he is beautiful or not. Her story makes us thinking about life and we learn much from her experience, at least, that is a fresh new recognition of the real beauty.。
3.英语本科毕业论文范文
不知道下面这个能否合你要求。
呵呵 (因字数有限制,我可发给你) 英语本科毕业论文 The Spirit of Revolt of Tess --Study in Tess of the D'Urbervilles Thesis statement: Everyone knows that Tess's life is a great tragedy, but she is still a courageous woman who dares to fight by all means. In order to defeat the unfortunate fate she always resists the decadent society, the traditional concept, and the hypocrisy religion. Outline Ⅰ.Brief Introduction to Tess of the d'Urbervilles A. Women's role in industrial movements during 19th century in England B. A brief commentary of the novel 1. the writer --Thomas hardy 2. general introduction of the novel Ⅱ.Tess's spirit of revolt all through her life A. Tess's fight to the moribund society 1. the moribund society 2. Tess's fight to the moribund society B. Tess's resistance to the traditional moral concept 1. the traditional moral concept 2. Tess's resistance to the traditional moral concept C. Tess's resistance to the hypocritical religion 1.the hypocritical religion in that time 2. Tess's resistance to the hypocritical religion D. Tess's resistance to the unfortunate marriage 1.Tess's unfortunate marriage 2. Tess's resistance to the unfortunate marriage Ⅲ.Conclusion: In a word, Tess has shown a powerful woman's image to common people with her unyielding spirit of revolt. She, to the moribund society, traditional old morals, hypocritical religion, capitalist marriage system, has carried on the strongest revealing and criticism. Her kindhearted enlightenment, noble emotion, strong personality, and her resistance in imbuing all rooted in the hearts of the people forever, worth savoring. Abstract This paper mainly focuses on the spirit of revolt of Tess. First of all, this paper begins with a brief introduction to the novel. Then, this paper makes a brief commentary of the novel. Moreover, it concentrates on :(1) Tess's fight to the moribund society. (2) Tess's resistance to the traditional moral concept. (3) Tess's resistance to the hypocritical religion. (4) Tess's resistance to the unfortunate marriage. And at last the paper reveals that Tess is actually a character with the spirit of revolt all through her life. key words:tragedy,Spirit of revolt,industrial movement,unfortunate fate 内容提要 本文研究的是小说主人公“苔丝”的“反抗精神”。首先,本文对小说的背景做了介绍。
然后,对文本进行简要评论。再次,本文主要从以下四个方面对文本主人公“苔丝”的“反抗精神”进行集中讨论:(1) 苔丝对腐朽社会的抗争;(2) 苔丝对传统的道德观念的反抗;(3) 苔丝对伪善的宗教的反抗;(4) 苔丝对不幸婚姻的反抗。
最后,揭示出苔丝整个人生经历中的反抗精神。 关键词:悲剧,反抗精神,工业运动,不幸命运。
4.跪求英语论文5000字
(For children and primary school pupils) (一) Developing oral communication skills Oral communication skills here refer to listening and speaking skills. They are very important skills for beginners. Children learning their native language begin by understanding through listening. They comprehend the language long before they can speak. With primary school pupils, it is better that we let them listen and understand the language first. Let them speak gradually when they feel ready and comfortable with it. In fact, listening and speaking are always used inseparably in real life situations. However, listening is an important basis for speaking. The following are some listening and speaking activities you can use in the classroom. Read them and discuss which ones are adaptable in your teaching and which ones are not practical for your situations and explain why. Listening Activities ♠ Listen and act/follow instructions This type of activity is also known as TPR (Total Physical Response). TPR is an extremely useful and adaptable teaching technique in the primary classroom for language learning. With TPR, children listen to their teacher telling them what to do and then do it. This is also the way how children acquired their first language. They are able to do things according to what they hear long before they are able to speak the language. By doing TPR, you are also giving chil- dren a sense of security. It does not matter if they cannot pronounce the word or say the sentence. They can simply listen and watch others to understand the meaning. For TPR activities, the easiest is to start with classroom commands, 'touch' activities and verbs in action, etc. (二)Speaking activities Speaking activities do not need to be always reading aloud, reciting dialogues or repeating what the teacher said. When we speak, we speak with a purpose and we speak with interest as well. Therefore, we need to create interesting topics and genuine purposes for children to speak the language. Of course some imitations and repetitions are necessary to prepare children to speak, but even with imi- tations and repetitions, we can make them more interesting and meaningful. One important point to note is that speaking only develops gradually with plenty of practice and with a lot of encouragement. We should have realistic expectations with children beginning with English. The following are some speaking activities. Some of them are basic speaking activities and some of them are more advanced speaking activities. They can only be applied with different levels of learners and in different contexts. 本文摘自:。
5.英语毕业论文
A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Idioms(题目:二号,黑体,加粗,居中,除了英语小词外,其他单词首字母都要大写;另外:除了题目外,论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”)(学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名(小四号宋体字,加粗),依次排印在论文题目下,上空二行,居中)【Abstract】 This paper centers on the different expressions of …… (英文摘要:上空二行;题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,加粗,置于粗体方括号【】内,顶格放置;随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格,不用其他任何标点符号;采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,不加粗;单倍行距。)
【Key Words】 idiom; comparison; English; Chinese (英文关键词:题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,加粗,两个单词的首字母要大写,置于粗体方括号【】内,顶格放置;随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格,不用任何其他标点符号,采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,不加粗,除了专有名词外,其他单词的首字母不大写,各单词之间用分号“;”隔开,分号之后空一格;最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号;单倍行距。)1. Introduction (顶格,除了第一个单词及专有名词外,其他单词首字母都不要大写;标题最后不用任何标点符号,上空两行)In both English and Chinese, …. So, this essay is trying to focus on the differences between Chinese and English idoms in terms of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression (Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999). (段落第一行缩进4个英文字符;夹注的标注法:出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系;注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号,时间、页码等的标注法;另外,汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现,不能出现汉语姓氏;夹注出现在标点符号之前)2. The similarities between English idioms and Chinese idioms In English, …. And it can be clearly seen in the below examples:(1) I don't know。
我不知道。 (2) I am not a poet. 我不是诗人。
(正文中的例子以(1),(2)…为序号排列,直至最后一个例子;而①, ②…则为脚注或尾注的上标序号)3. The differences between English idioms and Chinese idioms3.1 The characteristics of English idioms(正文章节序号编制:章的编号:1. ,2., 3.,…;节的编号:1.1,1.2…,2.1,2.2…;小节的编号为:1.1.1, 1.1.2…。小节以下层次,采用希腊数字加括号为序,如(i),(ii)…;之后再采用字母加括号,如(a), (b),…;每章题目左顶格,小四号字,加粗;每节(及小节以下)题目左顶格,小四号字,不加粗但要斜体;所有章节的题目都单独一行,最后不加任何标点符号)….In conclusion, ….3.2 The characteristics of Chinese idioms….Feng (1998) found some problems as shown in the following examples (注意此句中夹注的另一种写法):(9) We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.(10) People take no thought of the value of time until they lose it.….3.2.1 The analysis of the differences between English and Chinese idioms… (i) ….….(ii) ….…. 4. Conclusion….Bibliography (References) (小四号,加粗,后面不加任何标点符号) Sanved, ed. The Oxford book of American literary anecdotes[C]. New York: OUP, 1981.常亮,“关于英语的偏离否定”[J] 。
《外国语文》,1993,4:44。 冯树健,“否定之否定新说”[J] 。
《英语辅导》,1998,6:11。 李光陵,“不完全否定浅析” [J] 。
《大学英语》,2000,30:30。 (论文最后的参考文献中所有文献的排列顺序:尾注:按照编号顺序。
夹注:英文文献----网络文献----汉语文献,各个文献的先后以作者的姓氏字母或拼音为序,不用单独加序号或编号;每个参考文献的第二行起必须缩进4个英文字符;1.5倍行距;另外,与文中的夹注一一对应;不同类型的参考文献写法请参照写作指南中附件2的内容)。
6.英语毕业论文怎么写
abstract a second language learner's cognitive style is one of the many factors that may influence his/her success in second language acquisition (sla). one of cognitive styles, field independence (fi) has been chosen in the present study because it seems to attract most attention in sla. the present study attempts to investigate the roles that fi plays in the reading ability, one of the most important skills in sla. in the present study, the reading ability refers to the ability in three most frequently occurring reading types, skimming, scanning, and careful reading. an experiment has been conducted to explore the relationship between the reading ability of the three reading types and fi. in addition, the differences between effective readers and ineffective readers in fi were investigated. 106 medical students from the same big class in the first military medical university (fimmu) participated in the experiment. a questionnaire was designed to assess the student's degree of fi. two reading comprehension tests were designed to assess the student's reading ability, one for skimming and scanning, and the other for careful reading. results show that there is a significant relationship between fi and skimming or careful reading, and that there is a significant difference between effective readers and ineffective readers in fi. the findings of the present study show a picture of the role of cognitive style of chinese medical students in english reading ability. in addition, they are beneficial for the chinese english teachers to accommodate reading classroom activities according to the students' different cognitive styles, so as to obtain the best reading results. key words: cognitive styles; field independence; reading ability reading is one of the basic skills which language learners should master. their reading capability has been a symbol of literacy for a long time. people need to develop their reading ability so as to read efficiently and benefit from the wealth of information in the present world. for second language learners, it is essential to read well in a target language. reading is probably the most important skill in learning a foreign language. and reading in another language allows for one more channel of communication and for an important source of input. the importance of reading has initiated much research in sla. and the reading process has been one of the key aspects of reading research. with the influence of psycholinguistics, the research of the reading process has been developed rapidly. the well-known theories include: the bottom-up model, the top-down model, and the interactive model.。
7.英语专业毕业论文选题
我才写完毕业论文,简直是折磨!我把我们系的题目给你,参考看看吧。我写的是文化类的。其实文学和文化类要比翻译和教育类好写得多,网上可以找到的参考资料也多。
英美人文和历史研究:
1,从跨文化的角度谈汉英思维及表达方式的差异
2,论美国垮掉的一代
3,美国牛仔的成功之路
4,文艺复兴在英国文学史中的作用
5,跨文化交际中英汉礼貌与面子
6,中西方饮食文化的对比研究
7,西方节日的变迁及文化内涵
8,电影《喜福会》所表现的中西方文化差异(我就是这个题目)
9,中美教育制度及教育理念的对比研究
10,英汉称谓的差异及其文化内涵
11,希腊神话对英美文化的影响
12,英汉商标对英美文化的影响
13,英语习语与西方文化
14,浅谈英美姓氏的起源及文化内涵
15,中美高等教育大众化路径的比较
16,《阿甘正传》承载的美国青年文化
17,《阿甘正传》美国传统价值观的呼唤与回归
18,浅谈美国文化中的实用主义
19,论美国宗教与政治
20,《圣经》的文学性及其对中西文学的影响评述
选题注意事项:
1,选你自己感兴趣的题目,毕业论文是个浩大的工程,要是不能写自己想写的,相信我,在这漫长的写作时间里,你会相当痛苦的。
2,题目不能太大,也不能太小,否则不好驾驭。最好是那种“从小角度看大问题”的题目。例如,我写喜福会这部电影,电影体现了中美文化差异,分别有婚姻观,家庭教育观等。但是我以一部电影为出发点,这个角度就比较小。话说中西方文化的差异实在太多了,但是我只从喜福会这部电影出发,所以范围就缩小了。再者,没什么人写这个电影,所以也不容易和别人雷同,不是被写滥了的题目。
3,这个题目是好找资料的,毕竟是本科论文,不是研究生或是博士的论文,写作水平有限,平时最多写写几百字的作文忽然要写几千字,想必是非常困难的。所以内容不可能完完全全出自“自己”,于是就要大量的从网上,参考书上,图书馆搬来。所以最好就是找参考资料比较多的题目,切忌是参考,不是照搬,可以PARAPHRASE里面的内容到自己的论文。
差不多就这些了,我觉得这几点是最重要的,如果你有几个拿不定主意的题目,可以找论文指导老师问问看,当时我开笔写论文前,都找老师问了,老师比较有经验,他应该可以给你很多建议。
8.英语毕业的论文怎么写
英语专业本科生毕业论文选题可以在三个大的方向中进行,即英语文学,语言学和翻译学。
各个大方向中又可以选择小的方向,具体解释如下: 1.英语文学:选择英语文学的毕业论文选题可以从三个方向进行:国别文学研究、文学批评理论研究和比较文学研究。 在进行国别文学研究选题时,一般选取英国文学或美国文学中的某一经典作家(如海明威),某一经典作品(如《双城记》),某一写作手法(如象征手法的运用)或某一文学思潮(如浪漫主义运动)作深入研究。
但在选择作家或作品时最好选择在文学史上作为经典的作家或作品。有个别流行作家或作品极富盛名,容易引起学生的兴趣,如《飘》或《荆棘鸟》,学生有强烈愿望选择它们作为研究对象。
在不可避免上述情况时,应该尽可能地挖掘作品内在的深刻含义,不能流于肤浅的分析。 文学批评理论的选题一般不太适合英语专业本科生,因为该理论知识的学习在英语专业研究生阶段,本科生一般不具备文学批评理论的知识结构。
这个方向的选题可以有关某一文学批评理论,一文学批评术语的阐释或某两种或以上的文学批评理论的比较。 比较文学研究就是将两个以上的作家或作品进行比较。
这两个作品或作家可以是同一国别的(如“雪莱与拜伦的诗歌比较”),也可以是不同国别的(如《牡丹亭》与《罗密欧与朱丽叶》) 2.语言学:选择语言学的毕业论文选题可以在两个大的方向进行:普通语言学和应用语言学。 普通语言学的研究就是对于英语语言的任何一个方面的研究,如对一种词性、或一种时态、或拼写、语调等等方面的研究(如“一般现在时及其交际功能”)。
应用语言学包括教学法的研究和其它一些新兴的应用语言学分支的研究。师范专业或本身从事教师职业的学生选择教学法方向的较多。
在这个方向选题,也要避免过大范围的选题,而应对一个具体问题进行研究,最重要的是要结合教学实践或实验。这个方向的好的选题有:“个性与英语教学”,“方言对英语学习的影响”等。
3.翻译学:翻译学的选题一般可以在两个方向上进行:翻译理论以及翻译活动。对翻译理论的研究就是探讨某一种翻译理论等等。
相比之下,对翻译活动的研究更多一些,这些选题可以是对一种语言现象的翻译、或一种修辞格的翻译的研究(如“汉语成语的英译”)。应该注意的是,在对翻译活动作研究时,往往需要某种翻译理论支撑,总结规律,并对这一活动作出评价,要避免仅仅时例子的罗列。
二.英语专业毕业论文格式要求 学位论文包括前置、主体、附录等三个部分。 (一)前置 1.英文封面:由论文英文题目、解释、作者、指导老师姓名和职称、时间组成。
2.目录:由论文的中、英文摘要、篇、章、条、款以及参考书目、附录等序号、题名和页码组成,排在英文封面之后另页。 3.中、英文内容摘要:摘要是论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述,宜以最简洁的语言介绍论文的概要、作者的突出论点、新见解或创造性成果以及实验方法、数据或结论,是一篇完整的短文,可以独立使用,中文摘要一般在200字左右 4关键词:关键词是用以表示全文主题内容信息的单词或术语。
为便于文献检索,学位论文应注明三至五个具有代表意义中、外文“关键词”,这些关键词就是论文的中心词,以显著的字符另起一行,分别排在中、外文摘要的左下方。各关键词之间用“分号”隔开。
外文关键词应与中文关键词相对应。 (二)主体部分 主题部分包括引言(Introduction)、正文(Body)、结论(Conclusion)、参考文献(Bibliography)。
主体部分必须由另页右页开始。 1.引言:主要说明研究工作的目的、涉及范围、相关领域的前人研究成果和知识空白、研究设想、研究方法等方面的概述、理论意义和实用价值等。
2.正文:论文的正文是核心部分,占主要篇幅。一般论文选题需要从几个方面来论述或论证。
要求论据充分,论点明确。行文必须实事求是,客观真切,准确完备,合乎逻辑,层次分明,简练可读。
正文部分要有分级标题,章、条、款、项的序号编码方法,采用阿拉伯数分级系列编号法,论文中的章、条、款、项依次排列,依次从1开始,连续编号,中间用“.”相隔,最末级编号之后不加点。示例: 1. 2.…… 2.1 2.2…… 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3.… 2.2.3.1 3.结论:学位论文的结论是最终的、总体的结论,它是对正文部分的论述的概述,也可以在结论或讨论中提出建议、研究设想、尚待解决的问题等。
4.参考文献:写作学位论文过程中,阅读或运用过某些文献所列出的书目清单,置于正文之后,另页开始。参考文献的著录按原文献语种为原则。
(1)文献目录应另页书写,外文文献排前,中文文献排后。外文文献书名须用斜体。
(2)文献目录一律按作者姓氏汉语拼音或外文字母顺序排列。 (3)每条文献必须顶格写,回行时空两字或五个英语字母。
(4)将各文献的类型代号(即文献英文名的首字母)注明在文献之后: 专著[M] 学位论文[D] 论文集〔C〕 报纸文章〔N〕 期刊文章〔J〕 报告[R] 专利 [P] 专著、论文集的析出文献[A] 其他未说明文件 〔Z〕 电子文献中光盘图书 [M/CD](MONOGRAPH ON CD) 网上期刊〔J/OL〕(serial online) 5。.。
9.急求一篇英语专业毕业论文
跨文化交际与中西文化冲突 Intercultural Communication and Chinese-Western Cultural Conflict 【摘要】近年来,在全球化背景下,中西方文化发生交织碰撞。
随着中西跨文化交际活动的日益频繁,由于各国的价值观念、伦理道德观念、民族习惯等差异,发生文化冲突的事例屡见不鲜,并且时常会闹出很多笑话,出现很多让人难堪的尴尬境地。这严重影响了双方交往的顺利进行和国家与国家之间的友谊。
因此我们很有必要找出其深层次的原因,并采取一定措施来培养跨文化交际的能力,避免文化冲突,让国与国之间的交际交流变得轻松自如,成为一种人人渴望的享受而不再是怯场或恐惧。 【关键词】跨文化交际、中西,文化差异、文化冲突 Abstract:In recent years,at the background of globalization,Chinese and Western cultural occurred interweaves the collision.As the frequency between the Chinese and Western intercultural activity day by day,cases of the cultural conflict had been happened repeatedly because of differences on concept of value,ethics morality and national customs among various countries.And it often make many jokes,appears circumstances which made people embarrassed.This seriously affected both two sides to associate succeed and the friendship between nations.Therefore,we are necessary to discover its deep-level reason and take some certain measures to develop the intercultural communication ability.Avoids the cultural conflict,let the social communication becoming more free and relaxed between nation and nation,and then ,becoming an enjoyment everyone wants instead of frighteen or fear. Key Words:Intercultural Communication,Chinese-Western,Cultural Defference,Cultural Conflict. 随着中国对外开放程度的逐渐深入,西方社会的人和事物越来越多地走进了我们的视野。
在这种情况下,跨国域、跨民族、跨文化的经济和社会交往将会与日俱增,这就为我们提供了许多与西方人接触和交往的机会,这对于加深我们对西方社会的理解是一件好事。因为社会逐渐趋于一体化,国与国之间的交往也应越来越密切,这样才符合时代赋予我们与时俱进的要求和使命。
但这并不是一件简单的事情,因为我们所面对的是来自陌生的文化和国家,思维方式、生活习惯和行为方式与我们迥然不同的人,在与之交往的过程中不可避免的会出现文化冲突的现象。 其实,要想解决掉由于文化差异而引起的文化冲突问题,我们必须对这个问题出现的根源进行深刻的认识和剖析,这样才能清醒的认识到在跨文化交际中该做的和不该做的,能说的和不能说的,让每一次的交流都变得轻松惬意,成为一次难忘的经历和美好回忆。
1.中西跨文化交际中经常出现的文化冲突 在中西跨文化交际中会出现的文化冲突有很多种,在这里我们只列出比较常见的几种。 1.1隐私方面的冲突 中国人的隐私观念一向比较薄弱,认为个人要归属于集体,在一起讲究团结友爱,互相关心,故而往往很愿意了解别人的酸甜苦辣,对方也愿意坦诚相告。
并且只有这样才能显示出有多么在意对方,把对方真正的当朋友来看待。西方人则相反,他们非常注重个人隐私,讲究个人空间,个人意识相当强烈,不愿意向别人过多提及自己的事情,更不愿意让别人干预。
即使是再亲密无间的朋友,他们在交谈时也会适可而止。因此在隐私问题上中西双方经常发生冲突,例如:中国人第一次见面往往会询问对方的年龄,婚姻状况,儿女,职业,甚至收入,在中国人的眼里这是一种礼貌,但在西方人眼里则认为这些问题侵犯了他们的隐私。
1.2时间观方面的冲突 西方人的时间观也是很强的,他们非常珍惜时间,在生活中往往对时间都提前就做了精心的安排和计划,并养成了按时赴约的好习惯。在西方,要拜访某人,必须事先通知或约定,并说明拜访的目的、时间和地点,经商定后方可进行。
而中国人则属于多向时间习惯的国家,在时间的使用上具有很大的随意性,一般不会像西方人那样严格的按照计划进行,有时跟别人约见甚至有可能只是临时决定或者提前半个小时而已,在赴约的准时程度上也没那么严谨,迟到几分钟是很常见的情况。而且理由借口也是相当的俱全,什么堵车啊,家里临时发生什么事脱不了身啊等等。
这方面跟西方人差别很大,因此西方人对此往往感到很不适应,也很难接受。但中国人却认为理所当然,不会觉得有任何不妥之处。
1.3客套语方面的冲突 中国一直是个各方面都比较传统的国家。中国人也向来注重谦虚,在与人交际时,讲求“卑己尊人”,把这看作一种美德,这是一种富有中国文化特色的礼貌现象。
在别人赞扬我们时,我们往往会自贬一番,以表谦虚有礼。这一点在称呼方面尤其突出,例如在向别人介绍自己的夫人时会介绍:“这是贱内!”儿子会以“犬子”代称,称自己为“鄙人”等等。
但在称呼别人时却又是大放词语异彩:对方的父母是令尊令堂,对方的儿子是令公子等等。他们把这当成一种客套,一种礼节,自己永远在别人之下。
特别是在受到夸奖或表扬时,中国人总喜欢把这句话挂。
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