众文网1.函授本科英语毕业论文,怎么写呢
我也是这个专业的，论文的事情的确特别烦人，想起我当时写的时候那个痛苦头皮都在发麻。
后来不行了，在网上搜这方面论文的时候，无意间找了个VIP英语论文网，真不错啊，还有在线的老师辅导，半个月的时间就帮我搞定了，真是效率，之后导师要什么参考文献，网站资料都给我搞的服服帖帖的，哈哈。如果你想写篇好点的文章，建议找VIP英语论文网看看哦参考下这篇文章，或许对你有帮助据一些专家预测，在不久的将来，中国英语学习者的人数将会超过以英语为母语国家的总人口数。
然而，尽管经过不懈的努力，中国英语学习者的英语水平和学习效率得到了提高，并取得了相当大的进展，但事实依旧是：即使在高等教育阶段，大多数中国英语学习者的英语写作输出能力，不足以清楚地道地向他人传递思想和情感。写作是一种表达造出正确的句子并通过落于纸上的视觉媒介将其传输的行为，即，一种个人的、解决问题的复杂的递归性的技能，它与听、说、读等基本技能中的任何一项相比同等的重要或更为重要。
目前，中国的英语学习者面临一个非常棘手的问题，即，尽管一些学生自小学阶段以来已经学习了12年左右的英语，有些学生甚至通过了英语4级和6级考试，但是他们仍然写不出一篇通顺的文章。此外，从以往的全国四、六级写作成绩统计数字来看，满分15分，全国大学生作文的平均成绩只有5-6分。
更糟糕的是，许多学生很难理解给定的作文题目、观点、框架或大量的论据，即，他们不知如何下笔，当他们知道的时候却不知如何继续写下去，当他们头脑中有许多想法，并急切地想按英语思维模式去表达时，他们却想不出恰当的词汇，优美的措辞，恰当的语法结构或篇章结构。显而易见的是，学生的作文在语法方面毫无问题，但却充斥着太多的“中式英语”。
诚然，写作中“中式英语”的出现是不可避免的，也就是说，从表层来看，词、短语、句子结构都能正确使用，然而，深入来看，在概念内涵和结构方面他们的文章缺乏流利性和准确性。不可否认，写作问题可能由许多原因导致，但是，中国英语学习者缺乏学习动力这种可能性基本可以排除。
因为到了高等教育阶段时，为了将来更好的就业机会和事业发展，英语及写作的重要性已经被学生充分意识到，教师已经非常投入，英语写作已经从多个角度进行了研究，一些写作方法，如，成果教学法，过程教学法和结构教学法已经被引进中国英语写作课堂，通过教师的不懈努力，学生作文中的语法错误已经越来越少。虽然我们付出了前所未有的巨大努力，但中国英语写作的教学效果却远不尽如人意，所以中国的教育工作者应该进一步尝试更行之有效的教学方法以便于更好地理解学生的写作问题并帮助他们提高写作能力。
综上所述，英汉思维模式差异将作为本论文的一个根本原因来研究，这种预感是建立在以往相关的思维模式研究，最近的语言学理论，以及作者的亲身经历和教学反思的基础之上。鉴于以上情况，本研究旨在解决以下四个问题。
1.英汉思维模式差异在大学英语写作中的体现是什么？2.英汉思维模式差异形成的因素是什么？3.认知训练，英语思维模式的逐步习得，以及中国大学英语学习者写作能力的提高之间是什么关系？4.如何培养学生的英语思维模式？本论文主要分为四部分：第一部分是文献综述，在简短回顾中国大学生英语写作现状之后，介绍了语言和思维有关的相关理论。国内外由思维差异造成的语言差异的先前的研究和相关理论，以及应用于研究的最近的语言学理论，即，Sapir-Whorf假说及其它关于语言和思维的相关理论，语言迁移理论，有效过滤理论和认知理论。
然后从形式和概念内涵两个角度分别阐述了英汉思维模式在英语写作方面的差异。第二部分是研究方法，依次阐述了研究问题，参与者，研究工具及实验过程。
实验过程分三个阶段：实验前，实验中和实验后。本部分通过调查问卷和对受试的作文取样对长春工业大学人文信息学院非英语专业二年级的60名学生进行了实验前测和后测，并对实验组进行了每周四学时为期十二周的实证研究。
第三部分是实验结果的分析与讨论。一方面，对调查问卷的结果进行分析和讨论。
实验前实验组和受控组的学生同时做了一份与思维和语言有关的调查问卷，结果显示实验前两组学生具有相似性，他们都认为语言与思维之间存在联系，两种语言之间存在思维差异，但在英文写作中他们却很少或完全没有意识到思维差异对写作的影响，在写作时不可避免地采用了汉语思维模式。另一方面，从四个角度对实验组和受控组实验前后得到的数据进行了分析：（1）汉语的具象思维和英语的抽象思维；（2）汉语的意合思维和英语的形合思维；（3）汉语的主体思维和英语的客体思维；（4）汉语的螺旋式思维和英语的直线式思维。
对实验前后得到的数据进行分析，结果表明实验前实验组和受控组具有相似性，实验后，融入思维模式差异教学的实验组与接受传统教学的受控组之间存在明显差异，实验组比受控组表现的更好。第四部分阐述了本次研究的主要发现，对教学的启示，局限性和对未来研究的建议。
本研究的主要发现如下：1.中国学生写作的。
2.英语本科毕业论文范文
不知道下面这个能否合你要求。
呵呵 （因字数有限制，我可发给你） 英语本科毕业论文 The Spirit of Revolt of Tess --Study in Tess of the D'Urbervilles Thesis statement: Everyone knows that Tess's life is a great tragedy, but she is still a courageous woman who dares to fight by all means. In order to defeat the unfortunate fate she always resists the decadent society, the traditional concept, and the hypocrisy religion. Outline Ⅰ.Brief Introduction to Tess of the d'Urbervilles A. Women's role in industrial movements during 19th century in England B. A brief commentary of the novel 1. the writer --Thomas hardy 2. general introduction of the novel Ⅱ.Tess's spirit of revolt all through her life A. Tess's fight to the moribund society 1. the moribund society 2. Tess's fight to the moribund society B. Tess's resistance to the traditional moral concept 1. the traditional moral concept 2. Tess's resistance to the traditional moral concept C. Tess's resistance to the hypocritical religion 1.the hypocritical religion in that time 2. Tess's resistance to the hypocritical religion D. Tess's resistance to the unfortunate marriage 1.Tess's unfortunate marriage 2. Tess's resistance to the unfortunate marriage Ⅲ.Conclusion: In a word, Tess has shown a powerful woman's image to common people with her unyielding spirit of revolt. She, to the moribund society, traditional old morals, hypocritical religion, capitalist marriage system, has carried on the strongest revealing and criticism. Her kindhearted enlightenment, noble emotion, strong personality, and her resistance in imbuing all rooted in the hearts of the people forever, worth savoring. Abstract This paper mainly focuses on the spirit of revolt of Tess. First of all, this paper begins with a brief introduction to the novel. Then, this paper makes a brief commentary of the novel. Moreover, it concentrates on :(1) Tess's fight to the moribund society. (2) Tess's resistance to the traditional moral concept. (3) Tess's resistance to the hypocritical religion. (4) Tess's resistance to the unfortunate marriage. And at last the paper reveals that Tess is actually a character with the spirit of revolt all through her life. key words:tragedy,Spirit of revolt,industrial movement,unfortunate fate 内容提要 本文研究的是小说主人公“苔丝”的“反抗精神”。首先，本文对小说的背景做了介绍。
然后，对文本进行简要评论。再次，本文主要从以下四个方面对文本主人公“苔丝”的“反抗精神”进行集中讨论：（1） 苔丝对腐朽社会的抗争；（2） 苔丝对传统的道德观念的反抗；（3） 苔丝对伪善的宗教的反抗；（4） 苔丝对不幸婚姻的反抗。
最后，揭示出苔丝整个人生经历中的反抗精神。 关键词：悲剧，反抗精神，工业运动，不幸命运。
3.高分求英语专业（成人）本科毕业论文英文版的,题材不限,定中谢
English Honor Society, traveled to Kansas City on March 16 to attend the annual Sigma Tau Delta (STD) conference. Roughly 500 students and 100 faculty members attended, representing dozens of schools. Six students from the College went on the trip - senior English majors Tierney Dwyer, Christina Maffa and Matthew Miller and junior English majors Jessica DeLisi, Jessica Gill and Courtney Rydel. The students were accompanied by Diane Steinberg, assistant professor of English and one of the group's three chapter sponsors.All six students who attended the conference submitted essays to the National English Honor Society prior to the trip and all were selected to read their essays at the competition. The essays ranged from critical essays on literature to fiction, poetry and non-fiction. A faculty team organized by the national organization was responsible for selecting essays for the convention.Dwyer, Maffa and Miller submitted critical essays on James Joyce, Shakespeare's "Merchant of Venice" and "King Lear," respectively. DeLisi submitted a linguistics essay on synonyms, Rydel wrote on Jane Austen's "Emma" and Gill wrote a fictional story from a hamster's point of view.It was quite a feat for all of the College's students' works to be accepted. 1"Many other chapters had attendees who were only there to listen since their works had not made the cut," Steinberg said.In addition to having everyone's essays chosen, the College's chapter of STD was asked to prepare a display for the "Outstanding Chapters" room at the conference. The College's chapter was one of 10 schools asked to do this. Steinberg speculated that this was because they have a very large chapter, journalists from STD had sent in articles reporting on their activities and they have won two out of the three national awards for which they had applied. Another positive outcome of the conference was Gill's election to the governing board. Gill, co-vice president of STD, attended a leadership workshop while at the conference. After mentioning that the College's chapter had 120 members, she was approached by the President of STD, who encouraged her to run for a position on the governing board. Once she spoke with other members of the board, Gill, along with DeLisi, both ran for positions.After giving a short speech in front of a large crowd of people, each college voted and Gill was elected associate student representative from the Eastern Region, which is comprised of 161 chapters. With her new position comes new responsibilities. "I have a say in what happens in next year's conference in Portland, Oregon and I help put together a newsletter from the schools in the Eastern Region," Gill said.To add to the already long list of accomplishments of the group, Rydel was also a runner-up in the "Best Critical Essay" category at the conference. Rydel's essay was based on Jane Austen's "Emma," but focused on a minor character, Harriet Smith. The essay was entitled, "'More conversable than I expected': Harriet Smith's Miss-education." "I was surprised and thrilled to be chosen as one of the top five essays at the convention," Rydel said.Although STD members did have to pay for some of the trip, it was funded primarily by Susan Albertine, dean of the School of Culture and Society. The students were very appreciative, since the trip would not have been possible without help from Albertine."It's an honor to have our students present their work in such venues, and we are proud to assist as much as we can," Albertine said.The group returned from the conference with a newfound confidence in their work (along with plenty of "Wizard of Oz" memorabilia), and both the students and their advisor were pleased with the outcome. "This conference showed them that they could hold their own with everyone there, and that they were stronger than most," Steinberg said."Having the quality of writing and scholarship that goes on in the College's English department recognized at a national convention was very exciting for all of us," Rydel said.。
4.英语本科函授毕业论文,有关教学方面的,有哪些话题
2004级英语及外贸英语本科函授毕业论文选题参考
I. 中学英语教学：
1. 中学英语词汇教学初探
2. 中学英语教学中的“文化”因素
3. 浅议把英语释义引进中学课文教学
4. 浅谈听、说、读、写能力的培养
5. 中学英语教学中应注重学生能力的培养
6. 游戏在中学英语教学中的作用
7. 谈谈在英语教学中的情景教学
8. 身势语在英语教学中的应用
9. 在英语教学中开发学生的非智力因素
10.浅谈怎样用英语组织课堂教学
11.如何提高差生的阅读水平
12.“角色表演”在课堂教学中的应用
13.课外活动的设计与指导
14.英语教学中的德育渗透
15.电化教学在英语教学中的地位
16.英语课堂教学中怎样激发学生兴趣
17.中学英语句型教学
18.中学教学中如何提高听的能力
19.“任务型”教学模式探讨
20.音乐在英语教学中的应用
21.影响阅读理解的因素分析
22.浅谈中学生阅读理解能力的培养
23.如何培养和提高学生的英语交际能力
24.如何提高中学生的英语写作能力
25.母语对中学生学习英语的影响
26.英语教学中如何引导学生培养语感
27.论文化背景知识在阅读教学中的作用
28.文化差异对听力理解的影响
29.浅谈中学生英语口语能力的培养
30.浅谈中学英语教学中学生学习兴趣的培养
II. 语言学
1.英语中 “将来时”表达法初探
2.试谈 “颜色词”在英语中的使用
3.英语中的性别语言现象探索
4.英语委婉语的语言特点及文化内涵
5.跨文化交际中的语用差异
6.反意疑问句的特殊句型
7.运用构词法记忆英语单词
8.英语中“死亡”委婉语文化因素剖析
9.英语学习中的母语负迁移现象探索
10.语义模糊与交际
11.英汉语言形式与思维方式对比
12.中英文化差异在语言中的反映
13.英语中主动形式表被动意义
14.汉英数量词的文化差异
15.英语广告标题的修辞特点
16.浅谈英汉词语的文化内涵
17.论英汉词义的不对应性
III. 翻译
1. 谈英语谚语的翻译
2. 谈英语幽默的翻译
3. 英语汉译技巧初探
4. 台州地方名胜古迹汉译英
5. 翻译中常见错误分析
6. 中英思维方式的差异对翻译的影响
7. 会话含义的推导与翻译
8. 词汇的文化内涵与翻译
9. 语境在翻译中的作用
10.翻译技巧探索
11.商标词翻译
12.广告语言的翻译
13.论英汉互译中的语义等值问题
14.英汉文化差异对翻译的影响
15.英汉谚语的理解和翻译
16.浅谈颜色词在英语中的翻译
17.中西文化差异与翻译障碍
18.英语比喻性词语中文化内涵及翻译
19.英语意义否定表现法及其汉译
20.浅谈新闻标题的翻译
IV. 英美文学
1. 英美文学名著（原著200页以上）读后感
2. 有关文学作品的评论、欣赏等等。（包括人物性格、主题思想、写作风格、人物观点、流派、修辞）
5.英语毕业论文范文“how to improve the ability of english reading ”
Some people think that reading is a verysimple matter. You move your eyes along the line, and the author's message appears somehow in your mind. When a person is highly skilled as a reader, it does seem that something like that takes place. However, the actual reading process is quite complicated. Try to think back when you were first learning to read, or observe a young child learning to read. It is a very difficult, complex, sometimes, painful process. Reduced to its simplest elements, we might say that comprehension is a part of the communication process of getting the thoughts that were in the author's mind into the reader's, but how does one reader can get the idea clearly? It depends on the reading ability of the reader's. How can the readers make improvements in reading? There are many skills to improve one's ability of reading comprehension. One of the most important skills in reading is the knowledge of word .The number of the words you know determines the difficulty and complexity of the material you can read and understand. If you have an extremely limited reading vocabulary, you will be able to read only very simple material. Obviously, vocabulary forms a stumbling block for the poor reader. The more words you memorize, the faster you read the article. So, it is necessary to memorize words as much as you can. By the way, it should be realized that approximately half of all written English material is composed of the 300 commonest words. Certain words then have a very high occurrence and are used over and over again. Since the English vocabulary is so vast, you cannot hope to master vocabulary only by learning your lessons in the classroom. Reading of course involves much more than simply knowing the dictionary meaning of individual words. When coping with unknown vocabulary. You have to develop strategies, which will allow you either to discover the meaning of the words or at least to proceed further with the text in spite of not knowing the meanings of some new words. One of the efficient ways is guessing the unknown vocabulary. Guessing the meaning of words is a shortcut in reading. While reading in our own language, we usually have an unconscious habit of making logical inference as to the meaning of words based on the context. You can use the context to get the meaning and to help you develop the comprehension skills. To be a good reader, deducing the meaning of unfamiliar lexical items through contextual lines is necessary. In order to improve reading ability. It's essential to memorize words and master the ways of guessing the meaning of words, besides, when reading, you should catch the phrases as a unit of meaning and view the sentences as a unit of meaning. Sentences are the basic building blocks for writing something that will be read. A sentence, as a larger unit of meaning, is always about something--its subject--and always has a statement about the subject. The form of a sentence may be vary, but the subject and the statement about it are always there. The idea conveyed by a sentence will always come to you as a whole. So being familiar with various sentence patterns and being able to have a good sense of what is conveyed by a sentence, even a very long one with some clauses inside, will be helpful for a more mature and efficient reading. So do the paragraph and passage. But the paragraph and passage are more complex than the sentence. A paragraph has sentences that are connected with each other in some logical ways and a passage is the connection of the paragraphs.。
6.求几篇专升本英语作文范文
2010年高考英语作文万能模板 一、英语书信的常见写作模板 开头部分： How nice to hear from you again. Let me tell you something about the activity. I'm glad to have received your letter of Apr. 9th. I'm pleased to hear that you're coming to China for a visit. I'm writing to thank you for your help during my stay in America. 结尾部分： With best wishes. I'm looking forward to your reply. I'd appreciate it if you could reply earlier. 二、口头通知常见写作模板 呼语及开场白部分： Ladies and gentlemen, May I have your attention, please? I have an announcement to make. 正文部分： All the teachers and students are required to attend it. Please take your notebooks and make notes. Please listen carefully and we'll have a discussion in groups. Please come on time and don't be late. 结束语部分： Please come and join in it. Everybody is welcome to attend it. I hope you'll have a nice time here. That's all. Thank you. 三、议论文模板 1.正反观点式议论文模板 导入： 第1段：Recently we've had a discussion about whether we should。
（导入话题） Our opinions are divided on this topic.（观点有分歧） 正文： 第2段：Most of the students are in favour of it.（正方观点） Here are the reasons. First。 Second。
Finally。（列出2~3个赞成的理由） 第3段：However, the others are strongly against it. （反方观点） Their reasons are as follows. In the first place。
What's more。 In addition。
（列出2~3个反对的理由） 结论： 第4段：Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.（个人观点）オ 2.“A或者B”类议论文模板： 导入： 第1段： Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages. 正文： 第2段：There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that 。 Another reason is that。
（赞同A的原因） 第3段： Of course, B also has advantages to some extent。 （列出1~2个B的优势） 结论： 第4段： But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that 。
（得出结论） オ 3.观点论述类议论文模板： 导入： 第1段：提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题 As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. （亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对） The reasons for this may be listed as follows. （过渡句，承上启下） 正文： 第2段：First of all。 Secondly。
Besides。（列出2~3个赞成或反对的理由） 结论： 第3段：In conclusion, I believe that。
（照应第1段，构成"总—分—总"结构） 4."How to"类议论文模板： 导入： 第1段：提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题 正文： 第2段： Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all。 Another way to solve the problem is 。
Finally。（列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法） 结论： 第3段：These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to。
（强调解决此类问题的根本方法） 四、图表作文写作模板 The chart gives us an overall picture of the 图表主题. The first thing we notice is that 图表最大特点 . This means that as （进一步说明）. We can see from the statistics given that 图表细节一 . After 动词-ing细节一中的第一个变化， the动词-ed+幅度+时间（紧跟着的变化） . The figures also tell us that图表细节二 . In the column, we can see that accounts for （进一步描述）. Judging from these figures, we can draw the conclusion that （结论）. The reason for this, as far as I am concerned is that （给出原因）. / It is high time that we （发出倡议）. 五、图画类写作模板：2010年高考英语作文万能模板 1.开头 Look at this picture./The picture shows that。/From this picture, we can see。
/As is shown in the picture。/As is seen in the picture。
2.衔接句 As we all know, 。/As is known to all,。
/It is well known that。/In my opinion,。
/As far as I am concerned,。/This sight reminds me of something in my daily life. 3.结尾句 In conclusion。
/In brief。/On the whole。
/In short。/In a word。
/Generally speaking。/As has been stated。
7.英语教育本科毕业论文怎么写
随着世界经济与全球化的发展，英语已经成为主要的世界通用语，被更多的非母语使用者使用。
在经历了从古英语、中世纪英语到现代英语的历史变迁后，英语这一语言已经与最初的起源有了很大的差异，并且形成了很多地方性的变体，其中一些变体已经被制度化和标准化，例如：新加坡英语，印度英语，尼日利亚英语等。 目前，关于英语作为世界语及英语变体的问题受到了广泛的关注，相关的研究也吸引了越来越多的语言研究者加入其中。
在英语变体的语音变化方面，教学研究主要集中在对于不同语音的特征进行分析来促进英语交流。许多研究是关于不同英语口语的相互理解性。
与此同时，研究者和教育者也建议英语语音教学的目标应从“母语标准”转移到“可理解性标准”。 关于“可理解性”的教学法研究，一些学者主张接触不同的英语口音，还有一些学者建议采用“世界语核”。
以上绝大多数研究是在西方国家进行的，在中国的类似研究还很少。中国大学的英语语音教学主要是局限在教室里。
尤其是对于非英语专业学生，英语交流主要是在同学及与老师之间进行。 在这种情况下，可能影响“可理解性”的语音问题就会在语音教学的过程中被忽略。
由于教师在教学中起着很重要的作用，教师对待不同英语口音的态度及他们的语音教学策略很值得研究。本文的主要研究目的是：调查大学非英语专业英语教师的对待不同英语口音的态度、语音教学目标和策略；反映目前大学非英语专业的语音教学现状并针对目前语音教学中存在的问题提出相关的建议。
本论文共六个部分，包括引言、文献综述、研究方法、结果与讨论，最后是全文的结语部分。调查结果显示：一、大多数教师认为英音或美音为英语的标准发音，其它英语口音为非标准发音。
二、关于语音教学目标，大多数教师认为语音教学目的是让学生掌握英音或美音，并且英语语音教学是为了促进与母语使用者进行交流。 三、教师的英语口音与教师期望学生学习的口音之间存在正相关性。
四、在教学策略上，多数教师更加侧重于消除学生语音中母语的影响，而不是注重训练学生的语言交流能力。根据调查结果，作者提出了对于语音教学的建议，并且指出本研究存在的不足以及今后的研究方向。
希望本文对英语语音教学有所贡献，并能够引起更多学者对英语作为世界语、英语口音及英语语音教学的关注与研究。
8.专升本论文摘要怎么写
毕业论文摘要的书写方法和技巧1.摘要的作用摘要也就是内容提要，是论文中不可缺少的一部分。
论文摘要是一篇具有独立性的短文，有其特别的地方。它是建立在对论文进行总结的基础之上，用简单、明确、易懂、精辟的语言对全文内容加以概括，留主干去枝叶，提取论文的主要信息。
作者的观点、论文的主要内容、研究成果、独到的见解，这些都应该在摘要中体现出来。好的摘要便于索引与查找，易于收录到大型资料库中并为他人提供信息。
因此摘要在资料交流方面承担着至关重要的作用。2.书写摘要的基本规范和原则（1）论文摘要分为中文摘要和外文（一般为英文）摘要。
摘要在篇幅方面的限定，不同的学校和机构有不同的要求，通常中文摘要不超过300字，英文摘要不超过250个实词，中英文摘要应一致。毕业论文摘要可适当增加篇幅。
（2）多向指导教师请教，并根据提供的意见及时修改，以期达到更高水平。（3）摘要是完整的短文，具有独立性，可以单独使用。
即使不看论文全文的内容，仍然可以理解论文的主要内容、作者的新观点和想法、课题所要实现的目的、采取的方法、研究的结果与结论。（4）叙述完整，突出逻辑性，短文结构要合理。
（5）要求文字简明扼要，不容赘言，提取重要内容，不含前言、背景等细节部分，去掉旧结论、原始数据，不加评论和注释。采用直接表述的方法，删除不必要的文学修饰。
摘要中不应包括作者将来的计划以及与此课题无关的内容，做到用最少的文字提供最大的信息量。（6）摘要中不使用特殊字符，也不使用图表和化学结构式，以及由特殊字符组成的数学表达式，不列举例证。
3.摘要的四要素目的、方法、结果和结论称为摘要的四要素。（1）目的：指出研究的范围、目的、重要性、任务和前提条件，不是主题的简单重复。
（2）方法：简述课题的工作流程，研究了哪些主要内容，在这个过程中都做了哪些工作，包括对象、原理、条件、程序、手段等。（3）结果：陈述研究之后重要的新发现、新成果及价值，包括通过调研、实验、观察取得的数据和结果，并剖析其不理想的局限部分。
（4）结论：通过对这个课题的研究所得出的重要结论，包括从中取得证实的正确观点，进行分析研究，比较预测其在实际生活中运用的意义，理论与实际相结合的价值。4.撰写步骤摘要作为一种特殊的陈述性短文，书写的步骤也与普通类型的文章有所不同。
摘要的写作时间通常在论文的完成之后，但也可以采用提早写的方式，然后再边写论文边修改摘要。首先，从摘要的四要素出发，通读论文全文，仔细将文中的重要内容一一列出，特别是每段的主题句和论文结尾的归纳总结，保留梗概与精华部分，提取用于编写摘要的关键信息。
然后，看这些信息能否完全、准确的回答摘要的四要素所涉及的问题，并要求语句精炼。若不足以回答这些问题，则重新阅读论文，摘录相应的内容进行补充。
最后，将这些零散信息，组成符合语法规则和逻辑规则的完整句子，再进一步组成通畅的短文，通读此短文，反复修改，达到摘要的要求。5.关于英文摘要（1）英文摘要的写作方法要依据公认的写作规范。
（2）尽量使用简单句，避免句型单调，表达要求准确完整。（3）正确使用冠词。
（4）使用标准英语书写，避免使用口语，应使用易于理解的常用词，不用生僻词汇。（5）作者所做工作用过去时，结论用现在时。
（6）多使用主动语态。6.关键词关键词是为了文献标引工作从报告、论文中选出来用以表示全文主题内容信息目的单词术语。
每篇报告、论文选取3~8个词作为关键词，以显著的字符另起一行，排在摘要的左方。如有可能，尽量用《汉语主题词表》等词表提供的规范词。
为了国际交流，应标注与中文对应的英文关键词。 关键词是主题词中的一类。
主题词是一种新型检索词汇，多用于计算机网络检索。 关键词分为中文关键词和与之对应的英文关键词，分别置于中文摘要和英文摘要之下。
为便于他人的检索，不能使用过于宽泛的词语。选择关键词既可以从论文的各级标题入手，也可以从论文本身的内容选取，将选出的关键词按照所涉及领域的范围从大到小顺序列出。
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