众文网1.求关于红字的论文
the scarlet letter, published in 1850, is an american novel written by nathaniel hawthorne and is generally considered to be his magnum opus. set in 17th-century puritan boston, it tells the story of hester prynne, who gives birth after committing adultery, refuses to name the father, and struggles to create a new life of repentance and dignity. throughout the novel, hawthorne explores questions of grace, legalism, sin and guilt. [edit] plot summary the scarlet letter. painting by t. h. matteson. this 1860 oil-on-canvas was made under hawthorne's personal supervision. the scarlet letter. painting by t. h. matteson. this 1860 oil-on-canvas was made under hawthorne's personal supervision.[1] the novel begins in 17th-century boston, massachusetts, then a puritan settlement. a young woman, hester prynne, is led from the town prison with her infant daughter in her arms and the scarlet letter “a” on her bosom. the scarlet letter "a" represents the act of adultery that she has committed and it is to be a symbol of her sin – a badge of shame – for all to see. a man in the crowd tells an elderly onlooker that hester is being punished for adultery. hester's husband, who is much older than she is, sent her ahead to america while he settled some affairs in europe. however, her husband never arrived in boston. the consensus is that he has been lost at sea. while waiting for her husband, hester has apparently had an affair, as she has given birth to a child. she will not reveal her lover's identity, however, and the scarlet letter, along with her public shaming, is her punishment for her sin and her secrecy. on this day hester is led to the town scaffold and harangued by the town fathers, but she again refuses to identify her child's father.[1] the elderly onlooker is hester's missing husband, who is now practicing medicine and calling himself roger chillingworth. he settles in boston, intent on revenge. he reveals his true identity to no one but hester, whom he has sworn to secrecy. several years pass. hester supports herself by working as a seamstress, and pearl (her daughter) grows into a willful, impish child, who is more of a symbol than an actual character, said to be the scarlet letter come to life as both hester's love and her punishment. shunned by the community, they live in a small cottage on the outskirts of boston. community officials attempt to take pearl away from hester, but, with the help of arthur dimmesdale, an eloquent minister, the mother and daughter manage to stay together. dimmesdale, however, appears to be wasting away and suffers from mysterious heart trouble, seemingly caused by psychological distress. chillingworth attaches himself to the ailing minister and eventually moves in with him so that he can provide his patient with round-the-clock care. chillingworth also suspects that there may be a connection between the minister's torments and hester's secret, and he begins to test dimmesdale to see what he can learn. one afternoon, while the minister sleeps, chillingworth discovers something undescribed to the reader, supposedly an "a" burned into dimmesdale's chest, which convinces him that his suspicions are correct.[1] dimmesdale's psychological anguish deepens, and he invents new tortures for himself. in the meantime, hester's charitable deeds and quiet humility have earned her a reprieve from the scorn of the community. one night, when pearl is about seven years old, she and her mother are returning home from a visit to the deathbed of john winthrop when they encounter dimmesdale atop the town scaffold, trying to punish himself for his sins. hester and pearl join him, and the three link hands. dimmesdale refuses pearl's request that he acknowledge her publicly the next day, and a meteor marks a dull red “a” in the night sky. it is interpreted by the townsfolk to mean angel, as a prominent figure in the community had died that night, but dimmesdale sees it as meaning adultery. hester can see that the minister's condition is worsening, and she resolves to intervene. she goes to chillingworth and asks him to stop adding to dimmesdale's self-torment. chillingworth refuses. she suggests that she may reveal his identity to dimmesdale.[1] hester arranges an encounter with dimmesdale in the forest because she is aware that chillingworth knows that she plans to reveal his identity to dimmesdale, and she wishes to protect him. while walking through the forest, the sun will not shine on hester, though pearl can bask in it. they then wait for dimmesdale, and he arrives. the former lovers decide to flee to europe, where they can live with pearl as a family. they will take a ship sailing。
2.《红字》 的论文
论《红字》的清教观 D.Dimmesdale's attitude toward his sin In The Scarlet Letter, Dimmesdale and Hester commit the same sin but they suffer the different punishment and have the different attitude toward it. Since religion was such a key point of their lives, anyone who did disobey their god was looked down upon. What made religion ironically in this story is that the difference between people's attitude towards the reverend and Hester.The reverend who had committed the same sin still own high reputation but Hester was looked down upon severely. Dimmesdale said “before the judgment-seat, thy mother, and thou, and I, must stand together! But daylight of this world shall not see our meeting!”[9](P129)The reverend knows his sin and wants to be punished with Hester and Pearl, yet not until what he calls judgment day. The Puritans are intolerant of anything they consider to be evil. Their community, Boston, is an experiment, where the Christian world is watching with interest—so intolerance of evil must be their watchword. Hester is forced to openly accept her shame. Dimmesdale, her lover, is able to avoid public shame. But when Dimmesdale appeared again, it seemed that he was suffering from poor health. One reason might be that he labored long and hard at his religious duties, but another—more important—reason was probably that he was plagued by his conscience, the knowledge of his hypocrisy. And it is very ironical that as a Puritan authority to determine others' sin, Dimmesdale himself is a sinner who has committed adultery. But he is an intransigent Puritan and nothing can make him change-not even death. He becomes the embodiment of Puritanism, follows more closely than any philosophy that his relationship with God matters more than anything else, and that he must only answer to God. Hawthorne uses Dimmesdale as a symbol of Puritanism. He picks up and exaggerates the flaws in Puritanism and makes them become Dimmesdale's characteristics. Dimmesdale feels that God will punish him for his sin and that he need only answer to God for his sin, so he keeps it as a secret. He tries to live a life as if nothing has changed, but his guilt weakens him and ends him in death. “At the end of the novel, he died tragically in confession and atonement and became a victim in religious monasticism. The restraint from religion in human nature not only wrecks the god-people like Hester but also ruins the devout clergies like Dimmesdale.”[10] (48) He is the victim of the Puritan society. And another aspect of Puritanism is the source of God's will. It is in the Bible. The Puritans distrust nature as a guide for behavior, which just explain why Hester and Dimmesdale feel free in the forest during their talk. University trains clergymen such as Dimmesdale and Wilson from Cambridge, England are highly respected, for they are well able to interpret the meaning of the Bible. David, Bathsheba, and Nathan the prophet are not exactly representative of the Christian virtues of fidelity emphasized by the Puritans.。
3.求关于红字的论文
纳撒尼尔·霍桑生于1804年，是美国19世纪影响最大的浪漫主义小说家和心理小说家。
长篇小说《红字》是他的代表作。 在十七世纪中叶的一个夏天，一天早晨，一大群波士顿居民拥挤在监狱前的草地上，庄严地目不转睛地盯着牢房门。
随着牢门的打开，一个怀抱三个月大的婴儿的年轻女人缓缓地走到了人群前，在她的胸前佩带着一个鲜红的A 字，耀眼的红字吸引了所有人的目光，她就是海丝特·白兰太太。她由于被认为犯了通奸罪而受到审判，并要永远佩带那个代表着耻辱的红字。
在绞刑台上，面对着总督贝灵汉和约翰·威尔逊牧师的威逼利诱，她以极大的毅力忍受着屈辱，忍受着人性所能承担的一切，而站在她身旁的年轻牧师丁梅斯代尔却流露出一种忧心忡忡、惊慌失措的神色，恰似一个人在人生道路上偏离了方向，感到非常迷惘，只有把自己封闭起来才觉得安然。海丝特·白兰坚定地说：“我永远不会说出孩子的父亲是谁的”，说这句话的时候她的眼睛没有去看威尔逊牧师，而是凝视着那年轻牧师深沉而忧郁的眼睛。
“这红字烙得太深了。你是取不下来的。
但愿我能在忍受我的痛苦的同时，也忍受住他的痛苦！”海丝特·白兰说。 这时，在人群中，海丝特·白兰看到了一个相貌奇特的男人：矮小苍老，左肩比右肩高，正用着阴晦的眼神注视着她，这个男人就是她失散了两年之久的丈夫齐灵渥斯——一个才智出众、学识渊博的医生。
当他发现海丝特·白兰认出了他时，示意她不要声张。在齐灵渥斯的眼里燃烧着仇恨的怒火，他要向海丝特·白兰及她的情人复仇，并且他相信一定能够成功。
海丝特·白兰被带回狱中之后，齐灵渥斯以医生的身份见到了她，但海丝特·白兰不肯说出孩子的父亲是谁，并且向齐灵渥斯坦言她从他那里从来没有感受到过爱情，齐灵渥斯威胁海丝特·白兰不要泄露他们的夫妻关系，他不能遭受一个不忠实女人的丈夫所要蒙受的耻辱，否则，他会让她的情人名誉扫地，毁掉的不仅仅是他的名誉，地位，甚至还有他的灵魂和生命，海丝特·白兰答应了。 海丝特·白兰出狱后，带着自己的女儿小珠儿靠着针线技艺维持着生活，她们离群索居，那鲜红的A 字将屈辱深深烙在了海丝特·白兰的心里。
小珠儿长得美丽脱俗，有着倔强的性格和充沛的精力，她和那红字一起闪耀在世人的面前，在那个清教徒的社会里，他们是耻辱的象征，但也只有他们是鲜亮的。 丁梅斯代尔牧师不仅年轻俊美，而且学识渊博，善于辞令，有着极高的秉赋和极深的造诣，在教民中有着极高的威望。
但是，自从海丝特·白兰受审以来，他的健康日趋羸弱，敏感，忧郁与恐慌弥漫了他的整个思绪，他常常夜不成寐的祷告，每逢略受惊恐或是突然遇到什么意外事件时，他的手就会拢在心上，先是一阵红潮，然后便是满面苍白，显得十分苦痛。这一切都让齐灵渥斯看在眼里，对他产生了浓厚的兴趣，并以医生的身份与他形影相随。
随着时间的推移，小珠儿渐渐的长大了，她穿着母亲为她做的红天鹅绒裙衫，奔跑着，跳跃着，象一团小火焰在燃烧，这耀眼的红色使清教徒们觉得孩子是另一种形式的红字，是被赋予了生命的红字！贝灵汉总督和神甫约翰·威尔逊认为小珠儿应该与母亲分开，因为她的母亲是个罪人，没有能力完成使孩子成为清教徒的重任。但是海丝特·白兰坚决不同意。
她大声说珠儿是上帝给她的孩子，珠儿是她的幸福！也是她的折磨！是珠儿叫她还活在世上！也是珠儿叫她受着惩罚！如果他们夺走珠儿，海丝特·白兰情愿先死给他们看。海丝特·白兰转向丁梅斯代尔牧师，希望他能够发表意见。
丁梅斯代尔牧师面色苍白，一只手捂住心口，那双又大又黑的眼睛深处，在烦恼和忧郁之中还有一个痛苦的天地，他认为珠儿是上帝给海丝特·白兰的孩子，应该听从上帝的安排，如果她能把孩子送上天国，那么孩子也就能把她带到天国，这是上帝神圣的旨意。这样珠儿才没有被带走。
这一切，都被饱经世故的齐灵渥斯看在眼里，他一点点地向丁梅斯代尔牧师内心逼近，齐灵渥斯象观察病人一样去观察他，一方面观察丁梅斯代尔牧师的日常生活，看他怎样在惯有的思路中前进，另一方面观察他被投入另一种道德境界时所表现的形态，他尽量发掘牧师内心的奥秘。随着时间的推移，齐灵渥斯渐渐地走进了丁梅斯代尔牧师的心里，并向他的灵魂深处探进。
一天，丁梅斯代尔牧师正在沉睡，齐灵渥斯走了进来，拨开了他的法衣，终于发现了丁梅斯代尔牧师一直隐藏的秘密——他的胸口上有着和海丝特·白兰一样的红色标记，他欣喜若狂，那是一种狂野的惊奇、欢乐和恐惧的表情！那种骇人的狂喜，绝不仅仅是由眼睛和表情所表达的，甚至是从他整个的丑陋身躯迸发出来，他将两臂伸向天花板，一只脚使劲跺着地面，以这种非同寻常的姿态放纵地表现他的狂喜！当一个宝贵的人类灵魂失去了天国，堕入撒旦的地狱之中时，那魔王知道该如何举动了。 齐灵渥斯精心地实施着他的复仇计划，他利用丁梅斯代尔牧师敏感、富于想象的特点，抓住他的负罪心理，折磨他的心灵，他把自己装扮成可信赖的朋友， 让对方向他吐露一切恐惧、自责、烦恼、懊悔、负罪感，那。
4.英语专业论文 《红字》中海斯特.白兰不理智的一面 求意见 求观点
一直都写她的默默忍受方面的Hawthorne makes Hester a heroin and survives to a tranquil old age just by expiating her offence. She wore the scarlet letter A, somewhat willingly, for the purpose of confessing her sin, of meditating and of reforming herself. On this point, Mark Van Doren's comments about Hester, in my interpretation, agree with Hawthorne's original intention. Doren said that she is “heroic in size and strength…Although she came to be Puritanism's victim, she never surrendered the integrity of her soul. Neither did she complain of her fate. Her fate was to waste her life, yet we do not feel in the end that her life was wasted. Rather it is known, she is immortal.”⒄ Each Character has a secret sin that he or she wishes to confess and each of those sins affects the character that committed that sin as well as other characters in the story.。
5.论文题目是《红字》中的红与黑,“红”我知道指什么,但不明白“黑
请看看《红与黑》（作者：司汤达）
内容简介
《红与黑》是19世纪法国乃至欧洲文学的一座丰碑。小说围绕主人公于连的个人奋斗及两次爱情经历的描写，揭示了复辟王朝时期的波澜的阶级大博斗，反映了政治黑暗、教会腐败，贵族反动和资产阶级利欲熏心的广阔生活画面。于连的两次爱情动机都是以爱情占有为出发点最终要达到自己的政治目的。
通过于连这个文学形象，一方面描述了法国七月革命前夕在人民革命浪潮冲击下的贵族以及中小资产阶级的恐慌情绪；另一方面又塑造了一个出现于社会剧烈变革中的个人野心家的艺术形象，美化了资产阶级的生活观和幸福观。小说的结构严谨匀称，语言简洁流畅，人物形象和人物性格与环境紧密相连，善于揭示人物的内心冲突和思想感情的瞬间变化，以此来突出人的个性特征，这是本书最大的艺术特点。
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