众文网1.毕业论文的外文文献及翻译怎么弄
参考文献是在学术研究过程中，对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴.征引过的文献在注释中已注明，不再出现于文后参考文献中. 外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的，并非中国的。
原文就是指原作品，原件。即作者所写作品所用的语言。
如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。 译文就是翻译过来的文字，如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本。
这个中文版本就称为译文 回答者： xffjy - 见习魔法师 三级 10-22 11:52。
2.毕业论文文献翻译
Store managers in each of the three supermarkets pursuing a customer ethos (hereafter referred to as companies A, B and C) provided similar sentiments regarding the present emphasis on the customer and the transformation from "cheapest is best" to "quality and service is best" philosophies in the 1980s. The exceptional supermarket chain, company D, has deliberately continued to pursue cost-minimisation and cheapest price policies, and has been successful in extending its market share in the 1980s (in fact doubling it over the last few years), largely through filling the "vacuum" created as the majority of large supermarket chains move "up-market" and "out-of-town".So how do companies A, B and C go about creating the sort of organisational culture in which staff — particularly front-line staff on the shopfloor — put the customer first?At companies A, B and C the attempt to establish a strong culture begins with selection, where there is an attempt to recruit people with the ability to develop a customer orientation. Occupational and psychological tests have been introduced in company C, the other two relying on the ability of managers to spot capable candidates during interviews. Most managers claimed they knew what they were looking for in potential staff, though some in company B were unsure how to take the message from head office that "like-minded" people should be recruited: "What is a like-minded person, that's what I would like to know? . . . I employ people that want the job and are presentable".Selection is followed by induction and training when management expectations of staff are established. At company A a staff training officer has been established at every single store, part of her (typically the officer is female) responsibility being to ensure customer service briefings and training are provided to every employee. In each of the three companies videos are used to get the "customer is king" message across. One store manager at company A commented:They are told to smile all the time and if the customer has a particular problem then they should try and get them through the checkout and contact a supervisor or manager to deal with it.店铺经理在每一种三超市追求客户风气（以下简称企业，B和C）具有同样的感情对于现在的强调顾客和转变，从“便宜的最好”，以“质量、服务最好”的哲学在20世纪80年代。
独特的连锁超市、公司D，故意cost-minimisation持续追查，便宜的价格政策，已经成功扩大其市场份额在二十世纪八十年代，两倍（事实上，在过去的几年中），主要通过填写“真空”创造的多数大型连锁超市的动的“高档的”和“住在城外的”。怎样，B和C公司着手创造的那种组织文化的员工，特别是现场第一线人员，把顾客放在第一位？企业A、B和C试图建立一个强势文化开始与选择，那里有企图招人的能力，以顾客需求为导向的发展。
职业和心理测验，介绍了公司C，另外两个依靠能力的管理者能够面试候选人位置。大多数经理声称他们知道他们正在寻找潜在的，尽管一些员工如何，还不确定在B公司把总部的信息：“志同道合的“人们应该招募了：“什么是志同道合的人，我也会想知道的吗？。
我雇用，想要这份工作，像样的”。选择是其次是诱导和培训员工的期望管理规范。
在公司的一个员工培训官员已经被建立在每一个单独的商店，部分（通常是军官女性）权责以确保客户服务通报及为每一位员工提供培训。在每一种三家视频得到“顾客是国王"的意思。
一家店铺经理说：公司他们被告知要微笑，如果客户有自己的问题就应该尝试让他们通过检测和联系一位主管或经理来解决它。希望对你有所帮助~~~O（∩_∩）O~。
3.求助一篇毕业论文文献翻译部分的英文文献原文~~~
Sino-Japan Trade Relations The bilateral trade between China and Japan amounted to US$236 billion in 2007, reflecting an increase of 20.6 percent compared with the previous year, 33 times over the trade volume at the beginning of the reform and opening up. This vast volume and fast growth took place amid China'Given this background, it is of interest to speculate on what future prospects will be for the two neighbors' economic relations, and in particular, what has been special in their bilateral economic relations as well as what challenges lie ahead for them. I. Characteristics of Sino-Japanese Trade Bilateral diplomatic relations between the People's Republic of China and Japan were normalized in 1972, shortly after the United States President Richard Nixon visited Beijing but well before the normalization of U.S.-China relations in 1979. During the year immediately prior to Sino-Japanese diplomatic normalization, the two countries' bilateral trade stood at about 900 million dollars, approximately 4 percent of China's total external trade at the time. Normalization was quickly followed by a sharp rise in China's imports of Japanese goods, first mainly of textile goods and various machinery tools, and later of household electronics, cars and light trucks, etc. Sino-Japanese relations made considerable progress in the 1980s. Only a few years after China's reform and opening in 1978, Japanese brands of TV sets and cars flooded into Chinese markets, and ordinary Chinese consumers began to taste the products of western materialism. Surges in Chinese imports of Japanese goods, through various means and channels of trade, led China to accumulate serious trade deficits and to draw on her official foreign exchange reserves. This ultimately resulted in substantial Chinese currency devaluations throughout the 1980s. The growth of China's external trade dipped in 1989-1990 perhaps mainly due to various non-economic reasons, but the bilateral trade with Japan continued to expand at a steady rate. In 1993 Japan surpassed Hong Kong to become Chinese Mainland's largest trade partner, by official Chinese statistics, and it has remained so ever since. Overall, between 1990 and 2002, the growth of bilateral trade between China and Japan in dollar terms averaged 16.3 percent per annum, exceeding that of China's total external trade over the same period (15 percent). From 2000 to 2007, annual foreign trade volume increased by 16 percent. The fact that the growth in bilateral trade between China and Japan since the early 1990s has been rapid and more or less steady (except briefly for 1997-98), appears somehow unusual or even puzzling. First, during many of the years of the period, the Japanese economy and Japan's overall external trade had slowed down significantly compared to the 1980s. Second, as the Asian financial crisis hit many of the economies and their intraregional trade hard, bilateral trade between China and Japan suffered only a slight setback, if any, during the turbulent two years of 1997-98. Third, when the Japanese yen witnessed significant depreciations vis-à-vis the US dollar whilst Chinese Yuan continued steady peg to the US dollar during 1998 and 2000, China's Japanese imports/exports seemed not to have been reactive to the changes in the foreign exchange rates. In the case of 1998, China's exports to Japan did decrease by a moderate amount (a 7 percent fall), which was nonetheless proportionally smaller than the overall falling level in Japan's imports (an 11.4 percent fall). In the case of 2000, China's exports to Japan actually increased by a large amount, unscathed by any unfavorable moves in the currency markets. However, as long as the further appreciation of Chinese Yuan to US dollar, the pressure on exporting industry in China becomes more serious than ever before. These “unusuals” seem to suggest that there have been fundamental, structural driving forces behind the growth in the bilateral trade between China and Japan. Had Sino-Japanese economic relations been similar to other ordinary bilateral economic relations, a rather slower growth in the bilateral trade could have been expected instead. Moreover, even if (from a Chinese point of view) China's economy and trade have achieved a high growth record, it remains to be wondered why China's trade with Japan grew faster than her trade with the entire outside world since the early 1990s. II. The Sino-Japanese “Special Relationship” Right now, China has surpassed U.S. to be the largest trade partner to Japan, and Japan me。
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