众文网1.求 关于 融资 方面的国外论文参考文献三个,必须是英文的,题目
33.MAHE L P.Environment and Quality Standards in WTO New Protectionism in Agricultural Trade A European Perspective[R].Edinburgh:Eight Annua1.Congress of European Agricultural Economists, 1996:36~4234.LIDDLE B.Free trade and the environment—development system[J].Ecol Econ,2001,39:21~36。
2.融资英文文献
融资英文文献（6000字左右 ） 作者：Justin.Athur.winner。
Commercial Financing Solutions - Think Outside The BankJuly,2007 by Stephen BushCommercial financing borrowers are likely to feel that a traditional bank is their best source for business financing. However, because most traditional banks focus on a small number of established industries, non-traditional (non-bank) and non-local commercial lenders should be considered for most commercial financing situations. Therefore the recommended commercial financing strategy (as discussed in this article) is to Think Outside the Bank”. There are several commercial financing situations in which commercial borrowers will frequently find that non-traditional commercial lenders are better positioned to provide terms that are more advantageous to the commercial borrower: (1) Business cash advance and credit card factoring programs; (2) commercial mortgage loans; and (3) credit card processing programs. In some cases a traditional bank will offer to provide commercial financing but will attach excessively stringent terms and covenants. In other cases a traditional bank will decline the commercial financing outright, perhaps because they do not even provide business financing to the commercial borrower's particular industry. In either case, the commercial borrower is likely to benefit by Thinking Outside the Bank”. As I noted in an earlier commercial financing article, in many non-competitive business financing situations it is not unusual for a local traditional bank to impose harsher commercial financing terms than would typically be seen in a more competitive business financing market. Such traditional banks routinely take advantage of a relative lack of other commercial lenders in their local market. An appropriate response by commercial borrowers is to seek out non-bank commercial financing options. It is neither necessary nor wise for commercial borrowers to depend only upon local traditional banks for commercial financing solutions. For most commercial financing situations, a non-local and non-bank commercial lender is likely to provide improved business financing terms because they are accustomed to competing aggressively with other commercial lenders. COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE ONE - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK Business Cash Advance and Credit Card Receivables Programs Most businesses that accept credit cards in their business will qualify for a business cash advance with their credit card receivables. Traditional banks will typically be very poor candidates to consider if a business needs assistance with credit card factoring and business cash advances. Because even thriving businesses frequently need more cash than they can borrow from a bank, it can be of critical importance for a business to Think Outside the Bank” and locate non-traditional lenders to assist with this commercial financing need. COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE TWO - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK Commercial Mortgage Loans Two of the most common commercial financing difficulties experienced by commercial borrowers can be avoided if they Think Outside the Bank”. The first commercial financing situation is the prevailing practice of traditional banks to avoid most special purpose properties (such as funeral homes and churches). The second commercial financing situation is the typical practice of most commercial banks to attach balloon and/or recall provisions to their commercial loans (which means that the bank can require early repayment of the commercial loan under various conditions). Both of these undesirable commercial financing situations can usually and easily be avoided by considering a non-traditional and non-bank lender. COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE THREE - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK Credit Card Processing Programs The choice of an appropriate credit card processing service can be instrumental in improving the profitability of businesses with a high volume of credit card activity. The analysis of credit card processing providers can be effectively combined with the credit card factoring and credit card receivables process described above. In assessing a business cash advance program, it is frequently possible to simultaneously arrange for a substantial improvement in the merchant's credit card processing program. Because traditional banks are usually not competitive in providing assistance with credit card factoring, it is equally likely that a non-traditional lender will be the primary source of effective and competitive help 。
3.融资英文文献
融资英文文献（6000字左右 ） 作者：Justin.Athur.winner。
Commercial Financing Solutions - Think Outside The Bank July,2007 by Stephen Bush Commercial financing borrowers are likely to feel that a traditional bank is their best source for business financing. However, because most traditional banks focus on a small number of established industries, non-traditional (non-bank) and non-local commercial lenders should be considered for most commercial financing situations. Therefore the recommended commercial financing strategy (as discussed in this article) is to Think Outside the Bank”. There are several commercial financing situations in which commercial borrowers will frequently find that non-traditional commercial lenders are better positioned to provide terms that are more advantageous to the commercial borrower: (1) Business cash advance and credit card factoring programs; (2) commercial mortgage loans; and (3) credit card processing programs. In some cases a traditional bank will offer to provide commercial financing but will attach excessively stringent terms and covenants. In other cases a traditional bank will decline the commercial financing outright, perhaps because they do not even provide business financing to the commercial borrower's particular industry. In either case, the commercial borrower is likely to benefit by Thinking Outside the Bank”. As I noted in an earlier commercial financing article, in many non-competitive business financing situations it is not unusual for a local traditional bank to impose harsher commercial financing terms than would typically be seen in a more competitive business financing market. Such traditional banks routinely take advantage of a relative lack of other commercial lenders in their local market. An appropriate response by commercial borrowers is to seek out non-bank commercial financing options. It is neither necessary nor wise for commercial borrowers to depend only upon local traditional banks for commercial financing solutions. For most commercial financing situations, a non-local and non-bank commercial lender is likely to provide improved business financing terms because they are accustomed to competing aggressively with other commercial lenders. COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE ONE - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK Business Cash Advance and Credit Card Receivables Programs Most businesses that accept credit cards in their business will qualify for a business cash advance with their credit card receivables. Traditional banks will typically be very poor candidates to consider if a business needs assistance with credit card factoring and business cash advances. Because even thriving businesses frequently need more cash than they can borrow from a bank, it can be of critical importance for a business to Think Outside the Bank” and locate non-traditional lenders to assist with this commercial financing need. COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE TWO - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK Commercial Mortgage Loans Two of the most common commercial financing difficulties experienced by commercial borrowers can be avoided if they Think Outside the Bank”. The first commercial financing situation is the prevailing practice of traditional banks to avoid most special purpose properties (such as funeral homes and churches). The second commercial financing situation is the typical practice of most commercial banks to attach balloon and/or recall provisions to their commercial loans (which means that the bank can require early repayment of the commercial loan under various conditions). Both of these undesirable commercial financing situations can usually and easily be avoided by considering a non-traditional and non-bank lender. COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE THREE - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK Credit Card Processing Programs The choice of an appropriate credit card processing service can be instrumental in improving the profitability of businesses with a high volume of credit card activity. The analysis of credit card processing providers can be effectively combined with the credit card factoring and credit card receivables process described above. In assessing a business cash advance program, it is frequently possible to simultaneously arrange for a substantial improvement in the merchant's credit card processing program. Because traditional banks are usually not competitive in providing assistance with credit card factoring, it is equally likely that a non-traditional lender will be the primary source of effective and competitive help with credit card 。
4.企业融资外文文献
英文图书和期刊类文献：
[1]Allen N.Berger,Gregory F.Udell,“Relationship Lending and Lines of Credit in
Small FirmFinance,”Journal of Business,Vol.68,no.3.(1995),pp.351-381.
[2]Aghion,P.,Incomplete contracts approach to financial contracting,Review of
Economics Studies,1992,Vol.59,p473-494.
[3]Albertode,M.&JulioPindado.Determinants of capital structure:new evidence
from Spanish Panel data[J].Journal of Corporate Finance,2001,(7):77-99.
[4]A.N.Berger,N.H.Miller,M.A.Petersen,R.G.Rajan,J.C.Stein,2001,“Does
Function Follow Organizational Form?Evidence from the Lending Practices of
Large and Small Banks”,Board of Governors of Federal Reserve System
Working Paper.
[5]Azam,J.P.,B.Biais,M.Dia and C.Mauriel.Informal and Formal Credit Markets
and Credit Rationing in Cote D'Ivoire,Oxford Review of Economic Policy,
2001,17(4),520-532.
[6]Bernanke,B.S.,M.Gerler.Inside the Black Box:The Credit Channel of
Monetary Policy Transmission[J].Journal of Economic
Perspectives,1995,(9);27-48.
[7]Barbosa,E.&Moraes,C.,Determinants of the Firm's Capital Structure:the
Case of the Very Small Enterprises,Working Paper from Econpapers,2003,
366-358。
[8]Barton,S.L.&Gordon,P.J.Corporate strategy and capital structure[J].
Strategic Management Journal,1988,9:623-632.
[9]Baxter,N.D.&Cragg,J.G.Corporate choice among long-term financing
instruments[J].Review of Economics and Statistics,1970,(52):225-235.
[10]Berger,A.N.,Udell,G.F.,RelationshipLending andLinesof Credit in Small
Firm Finance[J],Journal ofBusiness,1995,68,351—382.
[11]Berger,A.N.,Udell,and G.F.The Economics of Small Business Finance:
The Roles of Private Equity and Debts Markets in the Financial Growth
Cycle[J].Journal of Banking and Finance,1998,22(6):613-673.
5.企业融资外文文献
英文图书和期刊类文献：
[1]Allen N.Berger,Gregory F.Udell,“Relationship Lending and Lines of Credit in
Small FirmFinance,”Journal of Business,Vol.68,no.3.(1995),pp.351-381.
[2]Aghion,P.,Incomplete contracts approach to financial contracting,Review of
Economics Studies,1992,Vol.59,p473-494.
[3]Albertode,M.&JulioPindado.Determinants of capital structure:new evidence
from Spanish Panel data[J].Journal of Corporate Finance,2001,(7):77-99.
[4]A.N.Berger,N.H.Miller,M.A.Petersen,R.G.Rajan,J.C.Stein,2001,“Does
Function Follow Organizational Form?Evidence from the Lending Practices of
Large and Small Banks”,Board of Governors of Federal Reserve System
Working Paper.
[5]Azam,J.P.,B.Biais,M.Dia and C.Mauriel.Informal and Formal Credit Markets
and Credit Rationing in Cote D'Ivoire,Oxford Review of Economic Policy,
2001,17(4),520-532.
[6]Bernanke,B.S.,M.Gerler.Inside the Black Box:The Credit Channel of
Monetary Policy Transmission[J].Journal of Economic
Perspectives,1995,(9);27-48.
[7]Barbosa,E.&Moraes,C.,Determinants of the Firm's Capital Structure:the
Case of the Very Small Enterprises,Working Paper from Econpapers,2003,
366-358。
[8]Barton,S.L.&Gordon,P.J.Corporate strategy and capital structure[J].
Strategic Management Journal,1988,9:623-632.
[9]Baxter,N.D.&Cragg,J.G.Corporate choice among long-term financing
instruments[J].Review of Economics and Statistics,1970,(52):225-235.
[10]Berger,A.N.,Udell,G.F.,RelationshipLending andLinesof Credit in Small
Firm Finance[J],Journal ofBusiness,1995,68,351—382.
[11]Berger,A.N.,Udell,and G.F.The Economics of Small Business Finance:
The Roles of Private Equity and Debts Markets in the Financial Growth
Cycle[J].Journal of Banking and Finance,1998,22(6):613-673.
6.急
除了下面给出的，你也可以看看我给其他人的回答Commercial Financing Solutions - Think Outside The Bank July,2007 by Stephen BushCommercial financing borrowers are likely to feel that a traditional bank is their best source for business financing. However, because most traditional banks focus on a small number of established industries, non-traditional (non-bank) and non-local commercial lenders should be considered for most commercial financing situations. Therefore the recommended commercial financing strategy (as discussed in this article) is to Think Outside the Bank”. There are several commercial financing situations in which commercial borrowers will frequently find that non-traditional commercial lenders are better positioned to provide terms that are more advantageous to the commercial borrower: (1) Business cash advance and credit card factoring programs; (2) commercial mortgage loans; and (3) credit card processing programs. In some cases a traditional bank will offer to provide commercial financing but will attach excessively stringent terms and covenants. In other cases a traditional bank will decline the commercial financing outright, perhaps because they do not even provide business financing to the commercial borrower's particular industry. In either case, the commercial borrower is likely to benefit by Thinking Outside the Bank”. As I noted in an earlier commercial financing article, in many non-competitive business financing situations it is not unusual for a local traditional bank to impose harsher commercial financing terms than would typically be seen in a more competitive business financing market. Such traditional banks routinely take advantage of a relative lack of other commercial lenders in their local market. An appropriate response by commercial borrowers is to seek out non-bank commercial financing options. It is neither necessary nor wise for commercial borrowers to depend only upon local traditional banks for commercial financing solutions. For most commercial financing situations, a non-local and non-bank commercial lender is likely to provide improved business financing terms because they are accustomed to competing aggressively with other commercial lenders. COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE ONE - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK Business Cash Advance and Credit Card Receivables Programs Most businesses that accept credit cards in their business will qualify for a business cash advance with their credit card receivables. Traditional banks will typically be very poor candidates to consider if a business needs assistance with credit card factoring and business cash advances. Because even thriving businesses frequently need more cash than they can borrow from a bank, it can be of critical importance for a business to Think Outside the Bank” and locate non-traditional lenders to assist with this commercial financing need. COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE TWO - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK Commercial Mortgage Loans Two of the most common commercial financing difficulties experienced by commercial borrowers can be avoided if they Think Outside the Bank”. The first commercial financing situation is the prevailing practice of traditional banks to avoid most special purpose properties (such as funeral homes and churches). The second commercial financing situation is the typical practice of most commercial banks to attach balloon and/or recall provisions to their commercial loans (which means that the bank can require early repayment of the commercial loan under various conditions). Both of these undesirable commercial financing situations can usually and easily be avoided by considering a non-traditional and non-bank lender. COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE THREE - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK Credit Card Processing Programs The choice of an appropriate credit card processing service can be instrumental in improving the profitability of businesses with a high volume of credit card activity. The analysis of credit card processing providers can be effectively combined with the credit card factoring and credit card receivables process described above. In assessing a business cash advance program, it is frequently possible to simultaneously arrange for a substantial improvement in the merchant's credit card processing program. Because traditional banks are usually not competitive in providing assistance with credit card factoring, it is equally likely that a non-traditional lender will be the primary source of effective 。
7.急
除了下面给出的，你也可以看看我给其他人的回答Commercial Financing Solutions - Think Outside The Bank July,2007 by Stephen BushCommercial financing borrowers are likely to feel that a traditional bank is their best source for business financing. However, because most traditional banks focus on a small number of established industries, non-traditional (non-bank) and non-local commercial lenders should be considered for most commercial financing situations. Therefore the recommended commercial financing strategy (as discussed in this article) is to Think Outside the Bank”. There are several commercial financing situations in which commercial borrowers will frequently find that non-traditional commercial lenders are better positioned to provide terms that are more advantageous to the commercial borrower: (1) Business cash advance and credit card factoring programs; (2) commercial mortgage loans; and (3) credit card processing programs. In some cases a traditional bank will offer to provide commercial financing but will attach excessively stringent terms and covenants. In other cases a traditional bank will decline the commercial financing outright, perhaps because they do not even provide business financing to the commercial borrower's particular industry. In either case, the commercial borrower is likely to benefit by Thinking Outside the Bank”. As I noted in an earlier commercial financing article, in many non-competitive business financing situations it is not unusual for a local traditional bank to impose harsher commercial financing terms than would typically be seen in a more competitive business financing market. Such traditional banks routinely take advantage of a relative lack of other commercial lenders in their local market. An appropriate response by commercial borrowers is to seek out non-bank commercial financing options. It is neither necessary nor wise for commercial borrowers to depend only upon local traditional banks for commercial financing solutions. For most commercial financing situations, a non-local and non-bank commercial lender is likely to provide improved business financing terms because they are accustomed to competing aggressively with other commercial lenders. COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE ONE - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK Business Cash Advance and Credit Card Receivables Programs Most businesses that accept credit cards in their business will qualify for a business cash advance with their credit card receivables. Traditional banks will typically be very poor candidates to consider if a business needs assistance with credit card factoring and business cash advances. Because even thriving businesses frequently need more cash than they can borrow from a bank, it can be of critical importance for a business to Think Outside the Bank” and locate non-traditional lenders to assist with this commercial financing need. COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE TWO - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK Commercial Mortgage Loans Two of the most common commercial financing difficulties experienced by commercial borrowers can be avoided if they Think Outside the Bank”. The first commercial financing situation is the prevailing practice of traditional banks to avoid most special purpose properties (such as funeral homes and churches). The second commercial financing situation is the typical practice of most commercial banks to attach balloon and/or recall provisions to their commercial loans (which means that the bank can require early repayment of the commercial loan under various conditions). Both of these undesirable commercial financing situations can usually and easily be avoided by considering a non-traditional and non-bank lender. COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE THREE - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK Credit Card Processing Programs The choice of an appropriate credit card processing service can be instrumental in improving the profitability of businesses with a high volume of credit card activity. The analysis of credit card processing providers can be effectively combined with the credit card factoring and credit card receivables process described above. In assessing a business cash advance program, it is frequently possible to simultaneously arrange for a substantial improvement in the merchant's credit card processing program. Because traditional banks are usually not competitive in providing assistance with credit card factoring, it is equally likely that a non-traditional lender will be the primary source of effective a。
8.急求关于中小企业融资的外文参考文献
研究中小企业融资要参考的英文文献英文图书和期刊类文献：[1]Allen N.Berger,Gregory F.Udell,“Relationship Lending and Lines of Credit inSmall FirmFinance,”Journal of Business,Vol.68,no.3.(1995),pp.351-381.[2]Aghion,P.,Incomplete contracts approach to financial contracting,Review ofEconomics Studies,1992,Vol.59,p473-494.[3]Albertode,M.&JulioPindado.Determinants of capital structure:new evidencefrom Spanish Panel data[J].Journal of Corporate Finance,2001,(7):77-99.[4]A.N.Berger,N.H.Miller,M.A.Petersen,R.G.Rajan,J.C.Stein,2001,“DoesFunction Follow Organizational Form?Evidence from the Lending Practices ofLarge and Small Banks”,Board of Governors of Federal Reserve SystemWorking Paper.[5]Azam,J.P.,B.Biais,M.Dia and C.Mauriel.Informal and Formal Credit Marketsand Credit Rationing in Cote D'Ivoire,Oxford Review of Economic Policy,2001,17(4),520-532.[6]Bernanke,B.S.,M.Gerler.Inside the Black Box:The Credit Channel ofMonetary Policy Transmission[J].Journal of EconomicPerspectives,1995,(9);27-48.[7]Barbosa,E.&Moraes,C.,Determinants of the Firm's Capital Structure:theCase of the Very Small Enterprises,Working Paper from Econpapers,2003,366-358。
[8]Barton,S.L.&Gordon,P.J.Corporate strategy and capital structure[J].Strategic Management Journal,1988,9:623-632.[9]Baxter,N.D.&Cragg,J.G.Corporate choice among long-term financinginstruments[J].Review of Economics and Statistics,1970,(52):225-235.[10]Berger,A.N.,Udell,G.F.,RelationshipLending andLinesof Credit in SmallFirm Finance[J],Journal ofBusiness,1995,68,351—382.[11]Berger,A.N.,Udell,and G.F.The Economics of Small Business Finance:The Roles of Private Equity and Debts Markets in the Financial GrowthCycle[J].Journal of Banking and Finance,1998,22(6):613-673.137[12]Berger and Udell,Small Business Credit Availability and RelationshipLending:The Importance of Bank Organizational Structure[J],EconomicJournal,2002,112(447)L:32-53.[13]Booth,Laurence,Varouj Aivazian,Asli Demirguckunt&Vojislav Maksimovie.Capital structures in developing countries[J].Journal of Finance,2001,(56):87-130.[14]Bradley,M.,Jarrell,G.A.,&Kim,E.H.On the existence of an optimal capitalstructure:theory and evidence[J].Journal of Finance,1984,(39):857-880.[15]Brander,J.A.&Lewis,T.R.Oligopoly and financial structure:the limitedliability effect[J].American Economic Review,1986,(76):956-970.[16]Chang Chun.Capital structure as optimal contract[J].North American Journalof Economics and Finance,1999,(10):363-385.[17]Cole,R·A·，Goldberg,L·G·&White,L·J·Cookie-cutter versus character:Themicro structure of small business lending by large and small banks[J]·Journalof Financial and Quantitative Analysis,2004,39,pp227-251.[18]Collins,J.M.&Sekely,W.S.The relationship of headquarters country andindustry classification to financial structure[J].Financial Management,1983,(3):45-51.[19]David F.Scott,John D.Martin.Industry Influence on Financial Structure[J].Financila Management,Spring,1975,67-73.[20]DeAngelo,H.&Masulis,R.Optimal capital structure in corporate and PersonalTaxation.Journal of Financial Economics,1980,(8):3-29.[21]Durand,David,1952,Cost of Debt and Equity Funds for Business:Trends andProblems of Measurement,Conference on Research in Business Finance,National Bureau of Economic Research,New York,p215-247.[22]Eli Schwartz and J Richard Aronson.1967.Some Surrogate Evidence inSupport of the Concept of Optimal Financial Structure[J].Journal of Finance.22(1):10-18.[23]Enunza,VR.Determinants of financial structure in the central Americancommon market[J].Financial Management,1979,(3):72-77.[24]Fama,E.&Jensen,M.C.Ageney Problem and residual claims.Journal of Lawand Economics,1983,(26):327-349.[25]Frank M.Z.,GoyalV.K.Testing the Pecking Order Theory of Capital Structure.138Journal of Financial Economics,67:217-248,2003.[26]Gilson,S.Tansaction cost and capital structure choice:evidences fromfinancially distressed firms[J].Journal of finance,1997,(52):161-195.[27]Grossman,S.&Hart,O.Corporate financial structure and managerial inincentives[J].In McCall,J.Ed.The economic of information uncertainty[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1982:107-137.[28]Hall,G.,Hutchinson,P.&Michaelas,N.Industry effects on the determinantsof unquoted SMEs'capital structure[J].International Journal of the Economicsof Business,2000,(7):297-312.[29]Harris,M.&Raviv,A.The theory of capital structure[J].Journal of Finance,1991,(46):297-355.[30]Jensen,M.&Meckling,W。.。
9.求两篇英语文献写毕业论文的题目是“企业筹资方式”
The?means?of?financing?is?the?specific?financing?form?that?can?be?used?by?enterprises?to?raise?funds。
Our?country?enterprise?at?present?mainly?has?the?following?several?kinds?of?financing?way: Absorb?direct?investment Issue?stock; Use?retained?earnings The?borrowing?from?the?bank; The?use?of?commercial?credit; The?distribution?firm?bonds; The?financing?lease; The?lbo。 In?which?the?first?three?ways?to?raise?funds?for?equity?funds,?after?several?ways?to?raise?funds?is?debt?capital。
10.【哪位英语达人帮我翻译一个关于中小企业融资的外文文献吧
传统的智慧认为不足的中小企业融资是植根于"供方"功能很大程度上.就是金融机构的运作的方式对提供中小企融资偏见 ； 作为结果很多银行及其它财务机构成为中涉及与中小型企业不感兴趣.传统视图中突出显示多个因素，可能会限制金融机构.若要开始，因为它们很难确定公司是否有能力 （既有可行的项目） 的薪酬和/或 （由于向道德风险） 支付意愿的 opaque.Opaqueness 意味着中小企融资难.此 opaqueness 特别是削弱贷款从想从事更非人格化的机构或手臂长度融资的需要努力，目标和透明的信息.第二，相对于大的公司中小企是更容易不拘特别在发展中国家.这不仅使 opaqueness 糟糕的却也带来了更多的障碍和风险中小企业 lending.8，例如，银行不能借给中小型企业，更会保证公司不会报告可靠地他们全面金融活动对其财务 statements.9 再说，如果 informality 表示该公司有 unrecorded 或有高级负债政府和自己的员工.面对这种风险：税和/或劳动部门可能会导致这类责任具体化，银行会借少为中小型企业或收取更高的风险溢价.（不好意思，有些词不会翻译.- ）。
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