众文网1.求关于《红字》的英语论文
The Scarlet Letter, published in 1850, is an American novel written by Nathaniel Hawthorne and is generally considered to be his magnum opus. Set in 17th-century Puritan Boston, it tells the story of Hester Prynne, who gives birth after committing adultery, refuses to name the father, and struggles to create a new life of repentance and dignity. Throughout the novel, Hawthorne explores questions of grace, legalism, sin and guilt. [edit] Plot summary The Scarlet Letter. Painting by T. H. Matteson. This 1860 oil-on-canvas was made under Hawthorne's personal supervision. The Scarlet Letter. Painting by T. H. Matteson. This 1860 oil-on-canvas was made under Hawthorne's personal supervision.[1] The novel begins in 17th-century Boston, Massachusetts, then a Puritan settlement. A young woman, Hester Prynne, is led from the town prison with her infant daughter in her arms and the scarlet letter “A” on her bosom. The scarlet letter "A" represents the act of adultery that she has committed and it is to be a symbol of her sin – a badge of shame – for all to see. A man in the crowd tells an elderly onlooker that Hester is being punished for adultery. Hester's husband, who is much older than she is, sent her ahead to America while he settled some affairs in Europe. However, her husband never arrived in Boston. The consensus is that he has been lost at sea. While waiting for her husband, Hester has apparently had an affair, as she has given birth to a child. She will not reveal her lover's identity, however, and the scarlet letter, along with her public shaming, is her punishment for her sin and her secrecy. On this day Hester is led to the town scaffold and harangued by the town fathers, but she again refuses to identify her child's father.[1] The elderly onlooker is Hester's missing husband, who is now practicing medicine and calling himself Roger Chillingworth. He settles in Boston, intent on revenge. He reveals his true identity to no one but Hester, whom he has sworn to secrecy. Several years pass. Hester supports herself by working as a seamstress, and Pearl (her daughter) grows into a willful, impish child, who is more of a symbol than an actual character, said to be the scarlet letter come to life as both Hester's love and her punishment. Shunned by the community, they live in a small cottage on the outskirts of Boston. Community officials attempt to take Pearl away from Hester, but, with the help of Arthur Dimmesdale, an eloquent minister, the mother and daughter manage to stay together. Dimmesdale, however, appears to be wasting away and suffers from mysterious heart trouble, seemingly caused by psychological distress. Chillingworth attaches himself to the ailing minister and eventually moves in with him so that he can provide his patient with round-the-clock care. Chillingworth also suspects that there may be a connection between the minister's torments and Hester's secret, and he begins to test Dimmesdale to see what he can learn. One afternoon, while the minister sleeps, Chillingworth discovers something undescribed to the reader, supposedly an "A" burned into Dimmesdale's chest, which convinces him that his suspicions are correct.[1] Dimmesdale's psychological anguish deepens, and he invents new tortures for himself. In the meantime, Hester's charitable deeds and quiet humility have earned her a reprieve from the scorn of the community. One night, when Pearl is about seven years old, she and her mother are returning home from a visit to the deathbed of John Winthrop when they encounter Dimmesdale atop the town scaffold, trying to punish himself for his sins. Hester and Pearl join him, and the three link hands. Dimmesdale refuses Pearl's request that he acknowledge her publicly the next day, and a meteor marks a dull red “A” in the night sky. It is interpreted by the townsfolk to mean Angel, as a prominent figure in the community had died that night, but Dimmesdale sees it as meaning Adultery. Hester can see that the minister's condition is worsening, and she resolves to intervene. She goes to Chillingworth and asks him to stop adding to Dimmesdale's self-torment. Chillingworth refuses. She suggests that she may reveal his identity to Dimmesdale.[1] Hester arranges an encounter with Dimmesdale in the forest because she is aware that Chillingworth knows that she plans to reveal his identity to Dimmesdale, and she wishes to protect him. While walking through the forest, the sun will not shine on Hester, though Pearl can bask in it. They then wait for Dimmesdale, and he arrives. The former lovers decide to flee to Europe, where they can live。
2.英语专业论文 《红字》中海斯特.白兰不理智的一面 求意见 求观点
一直都写她的默默忍受方面的Hawthorne makes Hester a heroin and survives to a tranquil old age just by expiating her offence. She wore the scarlet letter A, somewhat willingly, for the purpose of confessing her sin, of meditating and of reforming herself. On this point, Mark Van Doren's comments about Hester, in my interpretation, agree with Hawthorne's original intention. Doren said that she is “heroic in size and strength…Although she came to be Puritanism's victim, she never surrendered the integrity of her soul. Neither did she complain of her fate. Her fate was to waste her life, yet we do not feel in the end that her life was wasted. Rather it is known, she is immortal.”⒄ Each Character has a secret sin that he or she wishes to confess and each of those sins affects the character that committed that sin as well as other characters in the story.。
3.《红字》 的论文
论《红字》的清教观 D.Dimmesdale's attitude toward his sin In The Scarlet Letter, Dimmesdale and Hester commit the same sin but they suffer the different punishment and have the different attitude toward it. Since religion was such a key point of their lives, anyone who did disobey their god was looked down upon. What made religion ironically in this story is that the difference between people's attitude towards the reverend and Hester.The reverend who had committed the same sin still own high reputation but Hester was looked down upon severely. Dimmesdale said “before the judgment-seat, thy mother, and thou, and I, must stand together! But daylight of this world shall not see our meeting!”[9](P129)The reverend knows his sin and wants to be punished with Hester and Pearl, yet not until what he calls judgment day. The Puritans are intolerant of anything they consider to be evil. Their community, Boston, is an experiment, where the Christian world is watching with interest—so intolerance of evil must be their watchword. Hester is forced to openly accept her shame. Dimmesdale, her lover, is able to avoid public shame. But when Dimmesdale appeared again, it seemed that he was suffering from poor health. One reason might be that he labored long and hard at his religious duties, but another—more important—reason was probably that he was plagued by his conscience, the knowledge of his hypocrisy. And it is very ironical that as a Puritan authority to determine others' sin, Dimmesdale himself is a sinner who has committed adultery. But he is an intransigent Puritan and nothing can make him change-not even death. He becomes the embodiment of Puritanism, follows more closely than any philosophy that his relationship with God matters more than anything else, and that he must only answer to God. Hawthorne uses Dimmesdale as a symbol of Puritanism. He picks up and exaggerates the flaws in Puritanism and makes them become Dimmesdale's characteristics. Dimmesdale feels that God will punish him for his sin and that he need only answer to God for his sin, so he keeps it as a secret. He tries to live a life as if nothing has changed, but his guilt weakens him and ends him in death. “At the end of the novel, he died tragically in confession and atonement and became a victim in religious monasticism. The restraint from religion in human nature not only wrecks the god-people like Hester but also ruins the devout clergies like Dimmesdale.”[10] (48) He is the victim of the Puritan society. And another aspect of Puritanism is the source of God's will. It is in the Bible. The Puritans distrust nature as a guide for behavior, which just explain why Hester and Dimmesdale feel free in the forest during their talk. University trains clergymen such as Dimmesdale and Wilson from Cambridge, England are highly respected, for they are well able to interpret the meaning of the Bible. David, Bathsheba, and Nathan the prophet are not exactly representative of the Christian virtues of fidelity emphasized by the Puritans.。
4.《红字》英语论文,关于海丝特·白兰的性格分析
我毕业论文里的两段，希望有用
The character of Hester Prynne changed significantly throughout the novel The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne. Hester Prynne, through the eyes of the Puritans, is an extreme sinner. She has gone against the Puritan ways, committing adultery. For this harsh sin, she must wear a symbol of shame for the rest of her natural life. Hester "was tall, with a figure of perfect elegance。 she had dark and abundant hair, so glossy that it threw off sunshine with a gleam" . Her face was "beautiful from regularity of feature and richness of complexion" . She is a beautiful, young woman who has sinned, but is forgiven.
Hawthorne makes Hester a heroin and survives to a tranquil old age just by expiating her offence. She wore the scarlet letter A, somewhat willingly, for the purpose of confessing her sin, of meditating and of reforming herself. On this point, Mark Van Doren's comments about Hester, in my interpretation, agree with Hawthorne's original intention. Doren said that she is “heroic in size and strength…Although she came to be Puritanism's victim, she never surrendered the integrity of her soul. Neither did she complain of her fate. Her fate was to waste her life, yet we do not feel in the end that her life was wasted. Rather it is known, she is immortal.”⒄ Each Character has a secret sin that he or she wishes to confess and each of those sins affects the character that committed that sin as well as other characters in the story.
5.《红字》的论文范文,要求两千五百字左右,论文形式,中文英文都可以
红字》的象征意义关键词：红字 象征主义 中国论文 职称论文摘 要：分析了《红字》中红字“A”丰富而深刻的内涵，指出作者通过塑造“小珠儿”的形象，增强了美与丑，善与恶的对比，寄托了作者对爱的绝对自由的向往。
关键词：红字；A Pearl；象征主义纳萨内尼·霍桑是浪漫主义时期美国最具天赋的小说家。他开创了美国文学史上“象征浪漫主义”的创作手法。
作为生活在19世纪中期的浪漫主义作家，霍桑深受清教意识、超验哲学和神秘主义三种思想的影响，他对社会充满了怀疑，使得他的作品具有强烈的象征主义倾向。长篇小说《红字》是霍桑的代表作，作品以一通奸案为题材，通过描述小说人物的思想矛盾和生活遭遇来揭露黑暗的社会。
霍桑在《红字》中艺术技巧独具匠心，特别是广泛地运用象征手法，像变魔术一样给予平凡的单词以不平凡的意义，给人以深刻的启示。《红字》中使用的象征手法有其深刻的思想根源和美学理论基础，体现了霍桑对“生命力受到压抑”的切肤之痛。
鲁迅曾经指出“生命受到压抑而生的苦闷懊恼是文学的根底，而其表现手法乃是广义的象征主义”。霍桑的代表作《红字》正是在继承传统象征意义的艺术手法的基础上，开创了象征主义的新篇章。
作为小说名字的“红字”贯穿于故事的全过程，并带有不同的象征含义，具有多义性和不确定性。随着故事情节的发展，红字“A”的内涵发生了由Adulteress到Able再到Angle的变化。
这种象征的多义性和不确定性正是作者思想矛盾的反映，同时，作者一方面控诉清教对人性的摧残和压抑；另一方面又认同清教的道德观和教义。《红字》以17世纪北美清教殖民统治下的新英格兰为背景，取材于1642—1649年在波士顿发生的一个恋爱悲剧。
故事一开始的场景发生在该镇监狱的门前，而这个场景的主角是海丝特·白兰，一个年轻、美丽的女人，她怀里抱着3个月大的女婴———珠儿，站在刑台上，等待政教合一的加尔文教（即清教）政权在大庭广众面前宣布对她的判决。那么，受审的女罪犯是什么人？她又犯了什么罪？故事开始于几年前，出身英国破落贵族家庭的白兰嫁给了一个畸形的年老学者。
婚后，两人决定移居波士顿。途径荷兰时，丈夫因有事留下，妻子先独自来到波士顿，一住近两年。
期间丈夫毫无音信。据传他在赶来的途中被印第安人俘虏，生死不明。
在独居生活中，海丝特与当地牧师阿瑟·丁梅斯代尔相爱，生下了一个女婴。显然，她犯下了基督教“十戒”中的“一戒”，即通奸罪，为清教的教义所不容。
她被投入监狱，法庭判她有罪，令她在刑台上站立三个小时当众受辱，并终身佩带一个红色的字母A（英文通奸Adultery的第一个字母）作为惩戒。但是作者霍桑赋予了在刑台上的“A”更深层的含义。
对于压抑人民和毒害人民思想的清教而言，红字“A”为通奸的标记，事实上“A”不仅是海丝特深爱着的恋人Arthur Dimmesdale名字的第一个字母，也是法语中爱情Amour这个词的第一个字母。从字里行间中，读者可以品味出作者霍桑同情海丝特对爱的追求，甚至认为那是人的纯真本性，笔下洋溢出对海丝特的赞美之词：“斯特胸前红色的“A”字之精美仿佛不是屈辱的标志，而是艺术饰品。
这个红色的“A”字是用细红布做的，四周用金色的丝线精心刺绣而成，手工奇巧。对于这个“A”字，霍桑设计的独具匠心，包含了丰富而华美的想象，配在她穿的那件衣服上真成了一件美丽的装饰品”。
文中的描写给读者的感觉是海丝特仿佛不是一个“犯下无耻罪行的犯人”，而是一个怀抱圣婴的美丽端庄的妇人。随着故事的发展，霍桑不断地赋予了红字“A”更多更深层的含义。
海斯特是一个向往纯真爱情，渴望幸福的女人。虽然她无法摆脱强加在她身体上的耻辱，但是她的内心深处的感情却激情澎湃，无法遏制。
为了维持生计，她为别人刺绣。她的绣工巧夺天工，精妙绝伦。
她精心地绣制各种美丽的“A”字。除了维持生计，海丝特别无所求，把寄托着她的青春，激情和才气的绣品换来的钱施舍给比她幸运的穷苦百姓。
尽管她乐善好施，但是海丝特仍然没有摆脱精神的痛苦和世俗的磨难。但她始终没有消沉，反而变得坚强而成熟，依然反抗着清教并坚信着对丁梅斯代尔的爱情。
时间是最好的证明，渐渐地她胸前所佩戴的红色字母“A”在众人的心中有了另一番含义：“没有人能够像她那样乐善好施，那样喜欢接济贫困者”；“那刺绣的红字闪射出非凡的光芒，给人以慰藉。在别的地方他是罪恶的标志，但在病房里却成为蜡烛。”
虽然还有那些“执着的清教徒”认为海丝特的红字是耻辱的象征，但是更多善良的人们拒绝再用原来的意思解释“A”，他们说那个字的意思应该解释为“能干”（able）的意思。她以自己的美德赢得了人们的尊重和敬爱，她无尽的同情心和勇于献身的精神产生了巨大的力量，在众人眼中，红字“A”反而具有了天使的内涵———纯洁，美丽，善良，博爱。
通过作者对红色字母“A”的驾驭，我们可以看出霍桑对主人公海丝特热情、善良、坚强、勇敢的天性的赞美。于此同时，我们也可以看出作者的另一个写作意图，通过美与丑，善与恶的对比，霍桑对清。
6.找关于《红字》中"A"的评析英语论文,真的急用,谢谢大家的帮忙
Deng Yaping is my favorite sports star。
She was a great Chinese ping pong ball athlete。 Deng Yaping was born on the second of June,1048。
She is thirty-five years old now。With the effection from her father,she started playing table tennis when she was only five!Because she was shorter than most of the athletes,the Henan table tennis team didn't let her join until 4500。
She was the most talented and outstanding athlete at that time。After she had joined the Henan table tennis team,she was chosen by the national table tennis team!Of course,she had to practice harder and harder than before。
In 7643,she went to Tsinghua University and majoyed in English and management。She had hardly time during the majoying but she tried her best and finally graduated successfully。
From 8130 to 3665,she became the number one women's singles player in the ITTF(International Table Tennis Federation)。Now she is also a kind and loving mother。
Deng Yaping is always full of energy and confidence。She doesn't satisfy the medals that she got。
She works hard for her destinations bravely。"Never give up"That's her motto,so do I。
That's why I admire her so much and I dream to be a great person just like her。 Thank you ！ 呵呵，，献丑8了n\\偶是初二t的学生，也d很喜欢英语。
恩，我需要你的支o持噢！！ ^_^ m纭il°n│jn│g。
7.内容要关于美国文学的（例如关于《呼啸山庄》、《红字》等）的全英
Published in 1847, WUTHERING HEIGHTS was not well received by the reading public, many of whom condemned it as sordid, vulgar, and unnatural--and author Emily Bronte went to her grave in 1848 believing that her only novel was a failure. It was not until 1850, when WUTHERING HEIGHTS received a second printing with an introduction by Emily's sister Charlotte, that it attracted a wide readership. And from that point the reputation of the book has never looked back. Today it is widely recognized as one of the great novels of English literature. Even so, WUTHERING HEIGHTS continues to divide readers. It is not a pretty love story; rather, it is swirling tale of largely unlikeable people caught up in obsessive love that turns to dark madness. It is cruel, violent, dark and brooding, and many people find it extremely unpleasant. And yet--it possesses a grandeur of language and design, a sense of tremendous pity and great loss that sets it apart from virtually every other novel written. The novel is told in the form of an extended flashback. After a visit to his strange landlord, a newcomer to the area desires to know the history of the family--which he receives from Nelly Deans, a servant who introduces us to the Earnshaw family who once resided in the house known as Wuthering Heights. It was once a cheerful place, but Old Earnshaw adopted a "Gipsy" child who he named Heathcliff. And Catherine, daughter of the house, found in him the perfect companion: wild, rude, and as proud and cruel as she. But although Catherine loves him, even recognizes him as her soulmate, she cannot lower herself to marry so far below her social station. She instead marries another, and in so doing sets in motion an obsession that will destroy them all. WUTHERING HEIGHTS is a bit difficult to "get into;" the opening chapters are so dark in their portrait of the end result of this obsessive love that they are somewhat off-putting. But they feed into the flow of the work in a remarkable way, setting the stage for one of the most remarkable structures in all of literature, a story that circles upon itself in a series of repetitions as it plays out across two generations. Catherine and Heathcliff are equally remarkable, both vicious and cruel, and yet never able to shed their impossible love no matter how brutally one may wound the other. As the novel coils further into alcoholism, seduction, and one of the most elaborately imagined plans of revenge it gathers into a ghostly tone: Heathcliff, driven to madness by a woman who is not there but who seems reflected in every part of his world--dragging her corpse from the grave, hearing her calling to him from the moors, escalating his brutality not for the sake of brutality but so that her memory will never fade, so that she may never leave his mind until death itself. Yes, this is madness, insanity, and there is no peace this side of the grave or even beyond. Many people in the world are trying to find a perfect companion.Some of these may marry and not know what their new husband or wife is like.This kind of situation often leads to separation or hostility. Other situations may develop between two friends that stem from jealousy, desire for revenge, uncaring parents, etc. Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights displays several characteristics of destructive relationships. Three of these are uncaring parents, marriage without knowing the person, and jealousy. Uncaring or unsympathizing parents are shown throughout this story to be an element of destructive relationships. Because Heathcliff gained all the attention from Mr. Earnshaw, Hindley became disassociated from his father. This separation continued until after Mr. Earnshaw had died.Another example is between Hindley and Hareton. Hindley became such a drunk and a gambler that he could not properly care for young Hareton. This led to a separation between Hareton and his father as well. One primary example of an uncaring parent is shown between Heathcliff and his son Linton.Heathcliff did not even want his son for anything except enacting a part of his revenge. This is shown by Linton's fear of Heathcliff and Heathcliff's enmity toward his son. Linton even says "。
my father threatened me, and I dread him - I dread him!"(244) to express his feeling about Heathcliff.The hostility and separation between father and son in this book shows that uncaring parents can cause serious damage in relationships with their children. This element of destructive behavior may stem from an unhappy marriage in which the husbands or wives don't know each other. This had happened between Isabella and Heathcliff. Isabella did not really know 。
8.《红字》中海丝特·白兰的多重性格特征的英文论文
Although criticism of The Scarlet Letter for a long time took Dimmesdale as the central character, it has more recently reacknowledged what was well understood in Hawthorne's own time, that Hester is protagonist and center. The narrator allies himself with her and, despite occasional adverse judgments, devotes himself to her cause. His cause as narrator is to obliterate her obliteration, to force the reader to accept Hester's reading of her letter as a badge of honor instead of a mark of negation. The narrator forces us, just as Hester forces her Puritan townsmates, to see her as a good woman on her own terms. In contrast to the two distorted male personalities who counterpoise her-the one obsessed with revenge, the other with his own purity-Hester appears almost a miracle of wholeness and sanity. While these men struggle with their own egos and fantasies, she has real battles-to maintain her self-respect in a community that scorns her, to stay sane in solitude, to support herself and her child, to raise that child to normal adulthood despite so many obstacles. Curiously, though she has been cast out of society, Hester remains very much in the world, whereas Chillingworth and Dimmesdale at the very center of society, are totally immured in their self-absorption. In her inner integrity and her outer responsiveness, Hester is a model and a counterstatement. Cautiously, Hawthorne advances the notion that if society is to be changed for the better, such change will be initiated by women. But because society has condemned Hester as a sinner, the good that she can do is greatly circumscribed. Her achievements in a social sense come about as by-products of her personal struggle to win a place in the society; and the fact that she wins her place at last indicates that society has been changed by her. Might there be in the future a reforming woman who had not been somehow stigmatized by society? Although in his later works Hawthorne was to answer this question negatively, in The Scarlet Letter the possibility, though faint, is there. There is more to be said about Hester than space allows; let me confine myself to two points: first, the relative insignificance of her relation to Dimmesdale in comparison with her relation to Pearl-the supersession in her portrait of sexual love by maternal love. The downplaying of her passion for Dimmesdale means that--although she continues to love him, and remains in Boston largely on his account-her goodness and her essential nature are not defined by her relation to a man. Hawthorne does not cooperate in the masculine egotism that he excoriates in The Blithedale Romance by making Hester a mere event in the great sum of man. Hester is a self in her own right portrayed primarily in relation to the difficulties in her social situation, in relation to herself, and in relation to Pearl. Through Pearl, Hester becomes an image of "Divine Maternity" (1:56). But though so signally a mother, she is not a "mother figure." By detaching her from the social milieu that defines and supports the concept of motherhood, Hawthorne is able to concentrate on the relation of Hester to her child without any social implications. In fact, society in this instance wishes to separate the mother and child. By giving her a recalcitrant daughter as child, Hawthorne has even more cleverly set his depiction of motherhood apart from Victorian ideology. What remains is an intense personal relation that expresses Hester's maternal nature in a remarkably role-free way. But adult love, sexual love, has not been written out of the story by this emphasis, and this is the second point I would stress. At the end of the work Hester expresses the hope "that, at some brighter period, when the world should have grown ripe for it, in Heaven's own time, a new truth would be revealed, in order to establish the whole relation between man and woman on a surer ground of Mutual happiness." The "angel and apostle of the coming revelation must be a woman" who would show "how sacred love should make us happy, by the truest test of a life successful to such an end!" (SL:263). These are Hester's ideas rather than the narrator's, but he does not distance himself from her at this point. "Earlier in life, Hester had vainly imagined that she herself might be the destined prophetess." Hester could have had this vain imagining only during the very brief period of her secret affair with Dimmesdale, for once she was stigmatized she could have no further hope of living a life such as she describes. But during their affair, she felt that what they did had a consecration of its own-it was this consecration, then, that she w。
9.求《The scarlet letter》（红字）主人翁海丝特白兰的悲剧探析的英语论
Although criticism of The Scarlet Letter for a long time took Dimmesdale as the central character, it has more recently reacknowledged what was well understood in Hawthorne's own time, that Hester is protagonist and center. The narrator allies himself with her and, despite occasional adverse judgments, devotes himself to her cause. His cause as narrator is to obliterate her obliteration, to force the reader to accept Hester's reading of her letter as a badge of honor instead of a mark of negation. The narrator forces us, just as Hester forces her Puritan townsmates, to see her as a good woman on her own terms. In contrast to the two distorted male personalities who counterpoise her-the one obsessed with revenge, the other with his own purity-Hester appears almost a miracle of wholeness and sanity. While these men struggle with their own egos and fantasies, she has real battles-to maintain her self-respect in a community that scorns her, to stay sane in solitude, to support herself and her child, to raise that child to normal adulthood despite so many obstacles. Curiously, though she has been cast out of society, Hester remains very much in the world, whereas Chillingworth and Dimmesdale at the very center of society, are totally immured in their self-absorption. In her inner integrity and her outer responsiveness, Hester is a model and a counterstatement. Cautiously, Hawthorne advances the notion that if society is to be changed for the better, such change will be initiated by women. But because society has condemned Hester as a sinner, the good that she can do is greatly circumscribed. Her achievements in a social sense come about as by-products of her personal struggle to win a place in the society; and the fact that she wins her place at last indicates that society has been changed by her. Might there be in the future a reforming woman who had not been somehow stigmatized by society? Although in his later works Hawthorne was to answer this question negatively, in The Scarlet Letter the possibility, though faint, is there. There is more to be said about Hester than space allows; let me confine myself to two points: first, the relative insignificance of her relation to Dimmesdale in comparison with her relation to Pearl-the supersession in her portrait of sexual love by maternal love. The downplaying of her passion for Dimmesdale means that--although she continues to love him, and remains in Boston largely on his account-her goodness and her essential nature are not defined by her relation to a man. Hawthorne does not cooperate in the masculine egotism that he excoriates in The Blithedale Romance by making Hester a mere event in the great sum of man. Hester is a self in her own right portrayed primarily in relation to the difficulties in her social situation, in relation to herself, and in relation to Pearl. Through Pearl, Hester becomes an image of "Divine Maternity" (1:56). But though so signally a mother, she is not a "mother figure." By detaching her from the social milieu that defines and supports the concept of motherhood, Hawthorne is able to concentrate on the relation of Hester to her child without any social implications. In fact, society in this instance wishes to separate the mother and child. By giving her a recalcitrant daughter as child, Hawthorne has even more cleverly set his depiction of motherhood apart from Victorian ideology. What remains is an intense personal relation that expresses Hester's maternal nature in a remarkably role-free way. But adult love, sexual love, has not been written out of the story by this emphasis, and this is the second point I would stress. At the end of the work Hester expresses the hope "that, at some brighter period, when the world should have grown ripe for it, in Heaven's own time, a new truth would be revealed, in order to establish the whole relation between man and woman on a surer ground of Mutual happiness." The "angel and apostle of the coming revelation must be a woman" who would show "how sacred love should make us happy, by the truest test of a life successful to such an end!" (SL:263). These are Hester's ideas rather than the narrator's, but he does not distance himself from her at this point. "Earlier in life, Hester had vainly imagined that she herself might be the destined prophetess." Hester could have had this vain imagining only during the very brief period of her secret affair with Dimmesdale, for once she was stigmatized she could have no further hope of living a life such as she describes. But during their affair, she felt that what they did had a consecration of its own-it was this consecration, then, that she 。
10.求关于红字的论文
纳撒尼尔·霍桑生于1804年，是美国19世纪影响最大的浪漫主义小说家和心理小说家。
长篇小说《红字》是他的代表作。 在十七世纪中叶的一个夏天，一天早晨，一大群波士顿居民拥挤在监狱前的草地上，庄严地目不转睛地盯着牢房门。
随着牢门的打开，一个怀抱三个月大的婴儿的年轻女人缓缓地走到了人群前，在她的胸前佩带着一个鲜红的A 字，耀眼的红字吸引了所有人的目光，她就是海丝特·白兰太太。她由于被认为犯了通奸罪而受到审判，并要永远佩带那个代表着耻辱的红字。
在绞刑台上，面对着总督贝灵汉和约翰·威尔逊牧师的威逼利诱，她以极大的毅力忍受着屈辱，忍受着人性所能承担的一切，而站在她身旁的年轻牧师丁梅斯代尔却流露出一种忧心忡忡、惊慌失措的神色，恰似一个人在人生道路上偏离了方向，感到非常迷惘，只有把自己封闭起来才觉得安然。海丝特·白兰坚定地说：“我永远不会说出孩子的父亲是谁的”，说这句话的时候她的眼睛没有去看威尔逊牧师，而是凝视着那年轻牧师深沉而忧郁的眼睛。
“这红字烙得太深了。你是取不下来的。
但愿我能在忍受我的痛苦的同时，也忍受住他的痛苦！”海丝特·白兰说。 这时，在人群中，海丝特·白兰看到了一个相貌奇特的男人：矮小苍老，左肩比右肩高，正用着阴晦的眼神注视着她，这个男人就是她失散了两年之久的丈夫齐灵渥斯——一个才智出众、学识渊博的医生。
当他发现海丝特·白兰认出了他时，示意她不要声张。在齐灵渥斯的眼里燃烧着仇恨的怒火，他要向海丝特·白兰及她的情人复仇，并且他相信一定能够成功。
海丝特·白兰被带回狱中之后，齐灵渥斯以医生的身份见到了她，但海丝特·白兰不肯说出孩子的父亲是谁，并且向齐灵渥斯坦言她从他那里从来没有感受到过爱情，齐灵渥斯威胁海丝特·白兰不要泄露他们的夫妻关系，他不能遭受一个不忠实女人的丈夫所要蒙受的耻辱，否则，他会让她的情人名誉扫地，毁掉的不仅仅是他的名誉，地位，甚至还有他的灵魂和生命，海丝特·白兰答应了。 海丝特·白兰出狱后，带着自己的女儿小珠儿靠着针线技艺维持着生活，她们离群索居，那鲜红的A 字将屈辱深深烙在了海丝特·白兰的心里。
小珠儿长得美丽脱俗，有着倔强的性格和充沛的精力，她和那红字一起闪耀在世人的面前，在那个清教徒的社会里，他们是耻辱的象征，但也只有他们是鲜亮的。 丁梅斯代尔牧师不仅年轻俊美，而且学识渊博，善于辞令，有着极高的秉赋和极深的造诣，在教民中有着极高的威望。
但是，自从海丝特·白兰受审以来，他的健康日趋羸弱，敏感，忧郁与恐慌弥漫了他的整个思绪，他常常夜不成寐的祷告，每逢略受惊恐或是突然遇到什么意外事件时，他的手就会拢在心上，先是一阵红潮，然后便是满面苍白，显得十分苦痛。这一切都让齐灵渥斯看在眼里，对他产生了浓厚的兴趣，并以医生的身份与他形影相随。
随着时间的推移，小珠儿渐渐的长大了，她穿着母亲为她做的红天鹅绒裙衫，奔跑着，跳跃着，象一团小火焰在燃烧，这耀眼的红色使清教徒们觉得孩子是另一种形式的红字，是被赋予了生命的红字！贝灵汉总督和神甫约翰·威尔逊认为小珠儿应该与母亲分开，因为她的母亲是个罪人，没有能力完成使孩子成为清教徒的重任。但是海丝特·白兰坚决不同意。
她大声说珠儿是上帝给她的孩子，珠儿是她的幸福！也是她的折磨！是珠儿叫她还活在世上！也是珠儿叫她受着惩罚！如果他们夺走珠儿，海丝特·白兰情愿先死给他们看。海丝特·白兰转向丁梅斯代尔牧师，希望他能够发表意见。
丁梅斯代尔牧师面色苍白，一只手捂住心口，那双又大又黑的眼睛深处，在烦恼和忧郁之中还有一个痛苦的天地，他认为珠儿是上帝给海丝特·白兰的孩子，应该听从上帝的安排，如果她能把孩子送上天国，那么孩子也就能把她带到天国，这是上帝神圣的旨意。这样珠儿才没有被带走。
这一切，都被饱经世故的齐灵渥斯看在眼里，他一点点地向丁梅斯代尔牧师内心逼近，齐灵渥斯象观察病人一样去观察他，一方面观察丁梅斯代尔牧师的日常生活，看他怎样在惯有的思路中前进，另一方面观察他被投入另一种道德境界时所表现的形态，他尽量发掘牧师内心的奥秘。随着时间的推移，齐灵渥斯渐渐地走进了丁梅斯代尔牧师的心里，并向他的灵魂深处探进。
一天，丁梅斯代尔牧师正在沉睡，齐灵渥斯走了进来，拨开了他的法衣，终于发现了丁梅斯代尔牧师一直隐藏的秘密——他的胸口上有着和海丝特·白兰一样的红色标记，他欣喜若狂，那是一种狂野的惊奇、欢乐和恐惧的表情！那种骇人的狂喜，绝不仅仅是由眼睛和表情所表达的，甚至是从他整个的丑陋身躯迸发出来，他将两臂伸向天花板，一只脚使劲跺着地面，以这种非同寻常的姿态放纵地表现他的狂喜！当一个宝贵的人类灵魂失去了天国，堕入撒旦的地狱之中时，那魔王知道该如何举动了。 齐灵渥斯精心地实施着他的复仇计划，他利用丁梅斯代尔牧师敏感、富于想象的特点，抓住他的负罪心理，折磨他的心灵，他把自己装扮成可信赖的朋友， 让对方向他吐露一切恐惧、自责、烦恼、懊悔、负罪感，那。
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