众文网1.急求一篇土木工程毕业论文英文文献及翻译,不少于3000个单词
Research on the construction safety management of Civil Engineering In recent years, the construction accident in civil engineering in our country often occur. This not only caused casualties, also caused great loss of national property, and resulting in a very bad social influence. Therefore, in our country, the construction units in the civil engineering construction projects, shouldstrengthen the construction safety management, all aspects ofsecurity control for engineering, to prevent dangerous accidentsin the end it all. The cause of the civil engineering constructionaccidents are in many aspects. In order to enhance security,should be combined with the characteristics of construction projects and the enterprise's internal and external conditions, the rational allocation of production factors, optimization of management process. In order to realize the construction safetymanagement, construction units should establish a safety management system of a project, it should be carried out from the following aspects:A construction safety consciousness, cultivate the modern safety science theory, occurrence of unsafe human behavior causedcasualties. To implement safety management, it should becombined with psychology, behavioral science to strengthen the education and training of employees in production safety,improve the consciousness of safe production, so as to guide the safety production behavior of employees. For the construction enterprises should strengthen safety awareness and educationproject personnel, developing the regular safety education to the construction personnel involved in the project, and to carry outsecurity work. Three level education to the new participate in the work of the operating personnel; often transform types of employees, should be safety training for new types of work, makeoperation personnel matters needing attention can be familiar with the safe operation of the. In order to make safe win support among the people, enterprisemanagement personnel but also in engineering project, using a variety of promotional tools to start a variety of education,cultivate the construction personnel safety consciousness. Andin the management of enterprises, the production safety systemthought to. Leaders at all levels and enterprises in issuing the project production task, should also carry out safety productionmeasures. Such as the production safety requirements to the construction personnel, so conducive to safe thought into the production of management, let each employee has consciously in the psychological sense of security.Two, the establishment of management system for safety in production in addition to strengthen production safety education and awareness of construction project staff, should alsoestablish a safety management system, protect the system from the construction enterprise safety in production of. In order toavoid the frequent occurrence of sudden accident, the construction enterprise should according to the project, to develop a comprehensive, the system of safety management,and invest the necessary manpower and funds to ensure the implementation of the project. Ensure the production safetyconstruction from the system implementation, the project section of construction enterprises should establish the safety inspectionsystem, and regularly to the project construction of the security check. Make a clear record of project construction process,record the dangerous post, and regularly check the work. Self evaluation and construction team every week to organize asafety activities, the project department to make regular safetyevaluation for project production. Construction enterprises in theconstruction of civil engineering, in order to establish a safety management system, need to make corresponding technical measures for safety management system, a standard for project.Therefore, the safety work of construction enterprise project technical measures should be prior to commencement of works.As for engineering and technical measures should be strict examination and approval, the approval before implementation. If the design changes during construction, corresponding safety technical measures should be coordinated with the adjustment,will follow. The safety technical measures enacted personnel andparticipation, should fully understand the project as the construction scheme, construction environment, the actualoperation has, and combined with relevant laws and regulations or the security policy to establish safety technical measures,which can ensure the safety 。
2.求土木工程外国文献书名
哪方面的资料啊，给个关键词才好找啊这里有相关的一些文献，大多都是论文文献，不知道有没有书，前面有点杂，后面大部分都是关于桥梁的[2] Kim W,EIHussein M. Variation of fracture toughness of asphalt concrete under low strain .Construction and Building Materials, 1977, 11(4) :403-411 . [3] Park S W,Kim Y R,Schapery R A. A viscoelastic conti-nuum damage model and its application to uniaxial behaviorof asphalt concrete .Mechanics of Material, 1996, 24(4) :241-255 . [4] Tsiatas G,Palmquist S M. Fatigue evaluation of highway bridges .Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics, 1999, 14 :189-194 . [5] Li Z X,Chan T H T,Ko J M. Fatigue damage model for bridge under traffic loading:application made to Tsing Ma Bridge .Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics, 2001, 35(1) :81-91 . [1] AASHTO. Guide Specification and Commentary for Vessel Collision Design of Highway Bridges[S] .Washington D.C: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 1991, . [2] Vrouwenvelder A C W M. Design for ship impact according to Eurocode1,Part2.7[C] .Ship Collision Analysis. 1998, :123-131 . [3] Kunz C U. Ship bridge collision in river traffic,analysis and design practice[C] .Ship Collision Analysis. 1998, :13-21 . [4] Pedersen P T,Zhang S. The mechanics of ship impacts against bridge[C] .Proceeding of Int.Symposium Advances on Ship Collision Analysis. Copenhagen. 1998, . [5] Menzies J B. Bridge Failures,Hazards and Societal Risk[C] .International Symposium on the Safety of Bridges. London. 1996, . [6] Curbach M,Nitzsche W M,Proske D. The Safety of Bridges in Comparison to Other Risks[R] .. [7] Mastaglio L. Bridge bashing .Civil Engineering, 1997, 67(4) :38-40 . [8] Vrouwenvelder T. Stochastic Modeling of Extreme Action Events in Structural Engineering .Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics, 2000, 15(1) :109-117 . [9] CIRIA. Ration alisation of Safety Factors and Serviceability Factors in Structural Codes CIRIA Report63 .London, 1977, . [1] Khalifa M A. Parametric study of cable-stayed bridge response due to traffic-induced vibration .Computer and Structure, 1993, 47(2) :321 339 . [2] Yener M, Chompooming K. Numerical method of lines for analysis of vehicle-bridge dynamic interaction .Computer and Structure, 1994, 53(3) :709 726 . [3] Shan D S, Li Q. Numerical simulation of the bridgesvehicles coupled vibration and the software package .Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University, 1999, 34(6) :663 667 . [4] Green M F, Cebon D. Dynamic interaction between heavy vehicle and highway bridges .Computer and Structure, 1997, 62(2) :253 264 . [5] Fu C C, Hsu Y T. The development of an improved curvilinear thin-wall vlasov element .Computer and Structure, 1995, 54(1) :147 159 . [6] Wang T L. Impact in a railway truss bridge .Computer and Structure, 1993, 49(6) :1045 1054 . [7] Tanabe M, Yamada Y, Wakui H. Modal method for interaction of train and bridge .Computer and Structure, 1986, 27(1) :119 127 . [8] Chompooming K, Yener M. The influence of roadway surface iIrregularities and vehicle deceleration on bridge dynamic using the method of lines .Journal of Sound and Vibration, 1995, 183(4) :567 589 . [9] Chu K H, Grag V K, Wiriyachai A. Dynamic interaction of railway train and bridge .Vehicle System Dynamics, 1980, 9(4) :207 236 . [1] G. N. Vanderplaats. Thirty Years of Modern Structural Optimization .Advances in Engineering Software, 1993, (16) :81-88 . [2] Gang Li, Ren-Gen Zhou, Lian Duan, Wai-Fah Chen. Multiobjective and Multilevel Optimization for Steel Frame .Engineering Structure, 1999, (21) :519-529 . [3] Cho, H. N. et al. Reliability-Based Optimization of Continuous Steel Box Girder Bridges .Journal of the Korean Society of Civil Engineers, 1999, 19 (1-3) :397-406 . [4] Cohn, M. Z. ,and Dinovitzer A.S. Application of Structural optimization .Journal of Structural Engineering, 1994, 120 (2) :617-650 . [5] Sahin, Mehmet A. The Specification and Comparison of Methodologies for the Automated Minimum Cost Design of Horizontally Curved Girder Bridge Structures .Univ. of Maryland, 1985 . [6] Al-Gahtain, Ahmed. Optimum Design of Welded I-Beams Subjected to Highway Bridge Loads .Univ. of Iowa, 1986 . [7] Memari, A. M, West, H, and Belegundu, A. Methodology for Automation of continuous Highway Bridge Design .Journal of Structural Engineering, 1991, Vol. 117 (No.9) . [8] Al-Shaleh,Khaled Saad. Optimum Design of Straight Steel Box Girder Bridges .Georgia Institute of Technology, 1994 . [1] Rahal K N,Collins M P. Analysis of sections subjected tocombined shear and torsion-a theoretical mode[l J] .ACI Str。
3.建筑论文外文参考文献
A construction-led design process for tubular trusses
Design Studies, Volume 15, Issue 3, July 1994, Pages 248-259
Walid M.K. Tizani, Gwynne Davies, Timothy J. McCarthy2.Construction design and management safety regulations in practice— on implementation
International Journal of Project Management, Volume 18, Issue 1, February 2000, Pages 33-40
Tony Baxendale, Owain Jones 3.Design and construction of a concrete floating berth
Engineering Structures, Volume 18, Issue 11, November 1996, Pages 837-841
P. Starr, D. A. Wainwright4.Design, construction and testing of an air-cycle refrigeration system for road transport
International Journal of Refrigeration, Volume 27, Issue 5, August 2004, Pages 503-510
Stephen W. T. Spence, W. John Doran, David W. Artt 5.Design, construction and performance prediction of integrated solar roof collectors using finite element analysis
Construction and Building Materials, Volume 21, Issue 5, May 2007, Pages 1069-1078
Marwa M. Hassan, Yvan Beliveau
4.求土木工程外国文献书名
哪方面的资料啊，给个关键词才好找啊这里有相关的一些文献，大多都是论文文献，不知道有没有书，前面有点杂，后面大部分都是关于桥梁的[2] Kim W,EIHussein M. Variation of fracture toughness of asphalt concrete under low strain .Construction and Building Materials, 1977, 11(4) :403-411 . [3] Park S W,Kim Y R,Schapery R A. A viscoelastic conti-nuum damage model and its application to uniaxial behaviorof asphalt concrete .Mechanics of Material, 1996, 24(4) :241-255 . [4] Tsiatas G,Palmquist S M. Fatigue evaluation of highway bridges .Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics, 1999, 14 :189-194 . [5] Li Z X,Chan T H T,Ko J M. Fatigue damage model for bridge under traffic loading:application made to Tsing Ma Bridge .Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics, 2001, 35(1) :81-91 . [1] AASHTO. Guide Specification and Commentary for Vessel Collision Design of Highway Bridges[S] .Washington D.C: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 1991, . [2] Vrouwenvelder A C W M. Design for ship impact according to Eurocode1,Part2.7[C] .Ship Collision Analysis. 1998, :123-131 . [3] Kunz C U. Ship bridge collision in river traffic,analysis and design practice[C] .Ship Collision Analysis. 1998, :13-21 . [4] Pedersen P T,Zhang S. The mechanics of ship impacts against bridge[C] .Proceeding of Int.Symposium Advances on Ship Collision Analysis. Copenhagen. 1998, . [5] Menzies J B. Bridge Failures,Hazards and Societal Risk[C] .International Symposium on the Safety of Bridges. London. 1996, . [6] Curbach M,Nitzsche W M,Proske D. The Safety of Bridges in Comparison to Other Risks[R] .. [7] Mastaglio L. Bridge bashing .Civil Engineering, 1997, 67(4) :38-40 . [8] Vrouwenvelder T. Stochastic Modeling of Extreme Action Events in Structural Engineering .Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics, 2000, 15(1) :109-117 . [9] CIRIA. Ration alisation of Safety Factors and Serviceability Factors in Structural Codes CIRIA Report63 .London, 1977, . [1] Khalifa M A. Parametric study of cable-stayed bridge response due to traffic-induced vibration .Computer and Structure, 1993, 47(2) :321 339 . [2] Yener M, Chompooming K. Numerical method of lines for analysis of vehicle-bridge dynamic interaction .Computer and Structure, 1994, 53(3) :709 726 . [3] Shan D S, Li Q. Numerical simulation of the bridgesvehicles coupled vibration and the software package .Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University, 1999, 34(6) :663 667 . [4] Green M F, Cebon D. Dynamic interaction between heavy vehicle and highway bridges .Computer and Structure, 1997, 62(2) :253 264 . [5] Fu C C, Hsu Y T. The development of an improved curvilinear thin-wall vlasov element .Computer and Structure, 1995, 54(1) :147 159 . [6] Wang T L. Impact in a railway truss bridge .Computer and Structure, 1993, 49(6) :1045 1054 . [7] Tanabe M, Yamada Y, Wakui H. Modal method for interaction of train and bridge .Computer and Structure, 1986, 27(1) :119 127 . [8] Chompooming K, Yener M. The influence of roadway surface iIrregularities and vehicle deceleration on bridge dynamic using the method of lines .Journal of Sound and Vibration, 1995, 183(4) :567 589 . [9] Chu K H, Grag V K, Wiriyachai A. Dynamic interaction of railway train and bridge .Vehicle System Dynamics, 1980, 9(4) :207 236 . [1] G. N. Vanderplaats. Thirty Years of Modern Structural Optimization .Advances in Engineering Software, 1993, (16) :81-88 . [2] Gang Li, Ren-Gen Zhou, Lian Duan, Wai-Fah Chen. Multiobjective and Multilevel Optimization for Steel Frame .Engineering Structure, 1999, (21) :519-529 . [3] Cho, H. N. et al. Reliability-Based Optimization of Continuous Steel Box Girder Bridges .Journal of the Korean Society of Civil Engineers, 1999, 19 (1-3) :397-406 . [4] Cohn, M. Z. ,and Dinovitzer A.S. Application of Structural optimization .Journal of Structural Engineering, 1994, 120 (2) :617-650 . [5] Sahin, Mehmet A. The Specification and Comparison of Methodologies for the Automated Minimum Cost Design of Horizontally Curved Girder Bridge Structures .Univ. of Maryland, 1985 . [6] Al-Gahtain, Ahmed. Optimum Design of Welded I-Beams Subjected to Highway Bridge Loads .Univ. of Iowa, 1986 . [7] Memari, A. M, West, H, and Belegundu, A. Methodology for Automation of continuous Highway Bridge Design .Journal of Structural Engineering, 1991, Vol. 117 (No.9) . [8] Al-Shaleh,Khaled Saad. Optimum Design of Straight Steel Box Girder Bridges .Georgia Institute of Technology, 1994 . [1] Rahal K N,Collins M P. Analysis of sections subjected tocombined shear and torsion-a theoretical mode[l J] .ACI 。
5.本人土木专业,做毕业设计时有一篇外国土木文献需要翻译,高分求高
Compressive behavior of concrete externally confined bycomposite jackets. 外部复合护套约束的混凝土压缩性Part A: experimental study Part A： 实验性研究This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation concerning the compressive behavior of concrete short columns externally confined by carbon and E-glass FRP jackets. The influences of different parameters such as the confinement level, the mechanical properties of the jackets and the compressive strength of the concrete core were studied. The results show that external confinement can significantly improve the ultimate strength and ductility of the specimens. The stress–strain response of confined concrete is bilinear: in the first linear zone, the behaviors of plain and confined concrete specimens are similar, whereas in the second pseudo-plastic branch, the behavior of confined concrete depends mainly on the jacket mechanicals properties. Test results demonstrate that the second part of (plastic) the stress–strain response depends on the jacket stiffness and that the ultimate strength of the jacket and the concrete strength are the most influential factors affecting the ultimate strength and strain of the confined concrete. Also, the study indicates that the confinement efficiency falls when the compressive strength of the concrete core increases.本篇论文阐述了有关于外部多重碳纤维和无碱玻璃纤维增强塑料紧箍护套的短柱混凝土压缩性试验研究结果。
研究表明对其压缩性影响的因素有如约束层数，护套的力学特征，以及混凝土核心的抗压强度。研究结果发现试样的外部约束复合层对其极限强度和延伸性有显著提高。
约束型混凝土的应力应变结果具有双线性特征：在一线区域，平面性能与约束型混领土压缩性试样相似，但是在第二伪塑性分叉区。约束型混凝土压缩性主要是靠复合层的力学性能支持。
测试结果表明了第二部分（塑料）的反应主要是由护套的钢度支持，护套的极限强度以及混凝土的强度对约束型混凝土的极限强度和极限应变度影响因素最大。研究还发现约束效应在混凝土核心的抗压力上升后会降低。
Keywords: Confined concrete; FRP jackets; HPC关键词：约束型混凝土 FRP护套 HPC。
6.求两篇土木工程的外文文献,最好关于施工组织设计或管理的,每篇翻
毕业设计论文施工组织设计文献综述 施工组织设计的作用是对拟建工程施工的全过程实行科学的管理的重要手段。
通过施工组织设计的编制，可以全面考虑拟建工程的各种施工条件，扬长避短，拟定合理的施工方案，确定施工顺序、施工方法、劳动组织和技术经济的组织措施，合理地统筹安排拟定施工进度计划，保证拟建工程按期投产或交付使用；也为拟建工程的设计方案在经济上的合理性，在技术上的科学性和实施工程上的可能性进行论证提供依据；还为建设单位编制基本建设计划和施工企业编制施工计划提供依据。施工企业可以提前掌握人力、材料和机具使用上的先后顺序，全面安排资源的供应与消耗；可以合理确定临时设施的数量、规模和用途；以及临时设施、材料和机具在施工场地上的布置方案。
如果施工组织设计编制的合理，能正确反映客观实际，符合建设单位和设计单位的要求，并且在施工过程中认真地贯彻执行，就可以保证工程的顺利进行，取得好、快、省和安全的效果，早日发挥基本建设投资的经济效益和社会效益。 60年代我们的施工组织措施采用的苏联的管理模式，随着我国的经济的增长，我们建筑业的发展，我们的施工项目管理也不断的更科学，70到80年代施工组织设计在我国全面的推广，经过我们不断的实践、探索、研究，使之我们现在的施工组织更科学更协调，经济上更合理 以往我们强调工程开工前必须有施工组织设计，否则不得开工，但有相当多的工程虽然编制了施工组织设计，但实际执行却不如人意，甚至有的根本无法实施。
许多年来，施工组织设计的编制往往是由个别人编写，在很大程度上造成与材料、机械、劳动力等部门的脱节，使施工组织设计开始就先天不足，到项目实施过程中，由于编制者与实施者的分离，无法起到指导作用的施工组织设计只能束之高阁。所以我们认识了不足之处对于实施方案的编制组织，现在我们采取各部门共同参与的方法，并由项目技术负责人主编，使施工组织设计真正起到指导工程施工的作用。
施工部署由单1转向了全面统筹工程的后续开展更顺利。 正 文 杨太生.《地基与基础》.-北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2004. 本书内容是根据本课程的教学基本要求并按照国家颁布的有关设计新规范、新标准编写的。
全书共分十章，包括土的物理性质及工程分类，地基中的应力计算，土的压缩性与地基沉降计算，土的抗剪强度与地基承载力，土压力与土坡稳定，建筑场地的工程地质勘察，天然地基上浅基础设计，桩基础设计，地基处理，区域性地基等内容。本书可作为土建学科高等职业学校、高等专科学校建筑工程专业及相关专业的教学用书，也可作为相关工程技术人员的参考书。
徐 蓉.《工程造价管理》. 上海：同济大学出版社，2005 本书以贯彻国家法规、规范为指导思想，从基础理论和实践应用人手，主要介绍 工程造价管理的相关理论和计算评价方法。本书共9章：第一章介绍工程造价概论， 解释了价格、造价的基本概念；第二章介绍工程造价的组成和计价方法，及工程量清 单计价规范的有关内容；第三章至第七章分别介绍了工程项目决策、设计、招标投标、施工和竣工决算等不同阶段中，建设过程中工程造价确定和管理的实际操作内容；第八、九章介绍工程财务和工程造价管理相关法规的内容，这是作为从事工程造价管理工作的工程师们所必需掌握的基本知识。
尹怡林.《建筑工程计量与计价》. 天津：天津大学出版社，2003,5. 本书针对建设工程清单时期广大预算人员的学习需要，介绍了建筑工程预算书的编制内容和步骤，全面叙述了消耗量定额与清单计价的定额说明及工程量计算规则，重点阐述了应用例题的详细解答与完整的建筑工程的消耗量定额预算书和工程量清单投标报价书。内容共分三部分，包括：绪论，上篇——建筑工程消耗量定额计量与计价，下篇——建筑工程工程量清单计量与计价。
本书逻辑清晰，图文并茂，强调理论与实践的关联，充分结合施工组织的实际，辅以大量实例，注重例题的合理化，支持启发性与交互式教学，力求实用。 本书与《建设工程计价依据与方法》配套使用，学习过程中需配备参考文献所列书籍。
本书可作为高职高专院校建筑类专业的选用教材，也可作为建筑企业管理培训教材，还可作为企事业单位中高层管理人员与技术人员的参考用书。 姚刚.土木工程施工技术.北京：人民交通出版社，2005,3 土木工程施工是土木工程专业的一门主干课。
其主要任务是研究土木工程施工技术和施工组织的一般规律；土木工程中主要工种工程施工方法和工艺原理；施工项目科学的组织原理以及土木工程施工中的新技术、新材料、新工艺的发展和应用。新的《土木工程施工》教材阐述了土木工程施工的基本理论及其工程应用，在内容上力求符合国家现行规范、标准的要求，反映现代土木工程施工的新技术、新工艺及其新成就，以满足新时期人才培养的需要；在知识点的取舍上，保留了一些常用的传统工艺方法，注重纳入对工程建设有重大影响的新技术，突出综合运用土木工程施工及其相关学科的基本理论和知识，以解决工。
7.求一篇土木工程英文文献翻译,毕业设计用的
刚好我也在做毕业设计 把我的给你用吧 Traditional Construction Procedures As mentioned before, construction under the traditional construction procedure is performed by contractors. While they would like to satisfy the owner and the building designers, contractors have the main objective of making a profit. Hence, their initial task is to prepare a bid price based on an accurate estimate of construction costs. This requires development of a concept for performance of the work and a construction time schedule. After a contract has been awarded, contractors must furnish and pay for all materials, equipment, power, labor, and supervision required for construction. The owner compensates the contractors for construction costs and services. A general contractor assumes overall responsibility for construction of a building. The contractor engages subcontractors who take responsibility for the work of the various trades required for construction. For example, a plumbing contractor installs the plumbing, an electrical contractor installs the electrical system, and an elevator contractor installs elevators. Their contracts are with the general contractor, and they are paid by the general contractor. Sometimes, in addition to a general contractor, the owner contracts separately with specialty contractors, such as electrical and mechanical contractors, who perform a substantial amount of the work require for a building. Such contractors are called prime contractors. Their work is scheduled and coordinated by the general contractor, but they are paid directly by the owner. Sometimes also, the owner may use the design-build method and award a contract to an organization for both the design and construction of a building. Such organizations are called design-build contractors. One variation of this type of contract is employed by developers of groups of one-family homes or low-rise apartment buildings. The homebuilder designs and constructs the dwellings, but the design is substantially completed before owners purchase the homes. Administration of the construction procedure often is difficult. Consequently, some owners seek assistance from an expert, called a professional construction manager, with extensive construction experience, who receives a fee. The construction manager negotiates with general contractors and helps select one to construct the building. Managers usually also supervise selection of subcontractors. During construction, they help control costs, expedite equipment and material deliveries, and keep the work on schedule. In some cases, instead, the owner may prefer o engage a construction program manager, to assist in administrating both design and construction. Construction contractors employ labor that may or may not be unionized. Unionized craftspeople are members of unions that are organized by construction trades, such as carpenter, plumber, and electrician unions, Union members will perform only the work assigned to their trade. During construction, all work should be inspected. For this purpose, the owner, often through the architect and consultants, engages inspectors. The field inspectors may be placed under the control of an owner's representative, who may be titled clerk of the works, architect's superintendent, engineer's superintendent, or resident engineer. The inspectors have the responsibility of ensuring that construction meets the requirements of the contract documents and is performed under safe conditions. Such inspections may be made at frequent intervals. In addition, inspections also are made by representatives of one or more governmental agencies. They have the responsibility of ensuring that construction meets legal requirements and have little or no concern with detailed conformance with the contract documents. Such legal inspections are made periodically or at the end of certain stages of construction. One agency that will make frequent inspections is the local or state building department, whichever has jurisdiction. The purpose of these inspections is to ensure conformance with the local or state building code. Following is a description of the basic traditional construction procedure for a multistory building. After the award of a construction contract to a general contractor, the owner may ask the contractor to start a portion of the work before signing of the contract by giving the contractor a letter of intent or after signing of the contract by issuing a written notice to proceed. The contractor then obtains construction permits, as required, form governmental agencies, such as the local building, water, sewer, and highway dep。
8.求一份土木工程外文文献最好带中文翻译的
Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance F.M. Scherer affiliation not provided to SSRNDavid Ross Robinson & Cole, LLPAbstract: Provides a systematic presentation of the economic field of industrial organization, which is concerned with how productive activities are brought into harmony with the demand for goods and services through an organizing mechanism, such as a free market, and how variations and imperfections in the organizing mechanism affect the successful satisfying of an economy's wants. Of the three market mechanisms (tradition, central planning, and free markets), the field of industrial organization deals primarily with the market system approach. This book primarily emphasizes the manufacturing and mineral extraction sectors of industrialized economies, with less discussion of wholesale and retail distribution, services, transportation, and public utilities. Beginning with a discussion of the welfare economics of competition and monopoly, the structure of industries in the U.S. and abroad and their determinants are described, including motives for mergers and their effects. Extended analysis of pricing, product policy, and technological innovation then follows. Antitrust, price fixing, related restraints, structural monopolies, regulation, and price discrimination are examined, as are the complex policies governing pricing relationships between vertically linked firms. The role of advertising in product differentiation and the roles of market structure and product variety are identified. Innovation, patents, and their relation to market structure are explored. Overall, this analysis seeks to identify attributes or variables that influence economic performance and to build theories about the links between these attributes and end performance. (TNM) Keywords: Industrial organization, Market structures, Industry structures, Monopolies, Prices, Antitrust laws, Acquisitions & mergers, Oligopolies, Market competition, Manufacturing industries, Market economies, Free markets。
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