1.毕业设计外文翻译
Introduction to Civil Engineering Papers Civil Engineering for the development of a key role, first as a material foundation for the civil engineering construction materials, followed by the subsequent development of the design theory and construction technology. Every time a new quality of building materials, civil engineering will be a leap-style development.People can only rely on the early earth, wood and other natural materials in the construction activities, and later appeared in brick and tile that artificial materials, so that the first human to break the shackles of natural building materials. China in the eleventh century BC in the early Western Zhou Dynasty created the tile. The first brick in the fifth century BC to the third century BC, when the tomb of the Warring States Period. Brick and tile better than the mechanical properties of soil, materials, and easy to manufacture.The brick and tile so that people began to appear widely, to a large number of housing construction and urban flood control project, and so on. This civil engineering technology has been rapid development. Up to 18 to the 19th century, as long as two thousand years, brick and tile has been a major civil engineering construction materials, human civilization has made a great contribution to the even was also widely used in the present.The application of a large number of steel products is the second leap in civil engineering. Seventeen 1970s the use of pig iron, the early nineteenth century, the use of wrought iron bridges and the construction of housing, which is a prelude to the emergence of steel.From the beginning of the mid-nineteenth century, metallurgical industry, smelting and rolling out high tensile and compressive strength, ductility, uniformity of the quality of construction steel and then produce high-strength steel wire, steel cables. As a result of the need to adapt to the development of the steel structure have been flourishing. In addition to the application of the original beam, arch structure, the new truss, a framework, the structure of network, cable structures to promote the gradual emergence of the structure of Yan in the form of flowers.From the brick building long-span structures, stone structures, a few meters of wood, steel structure to the development of tens of meters, a few hundred meters, until modern km above. So in the river, cross the bridge from shelves, on the ground since the construction of skyscrapers and high-rise tower, even in the laying of underground railway, to create an unprecedented miracle.In order to meet the needs of the development of steel works, on the basis of Newton's mechanics, material mechanics, structural mechanics, structural engineering design theory came into being, and so on. Construction machinery, construction technology and construction organization design theory also development, civil engineering from the experience of rising to become science, engineering practice and theoretical basis for both is a different place, which led to more rapid development of civil engineering.During the nineteenth century, 20, made of Portland cement, concrete has come out. Concrete can aggregate materials, easy-to-concrete structures forming, but the tensile strength of concrete is very small, limited use. By the middle of the nineteenth century, the surge in steel production, with the emergence of this new type of reinforced concrete composite construction materials, which bear the tension steel, concrete bear the pressure and play their own advantages. Since the beginning of the 20th century, reinforced concrete is widely used in various fields of civil engineering.From the beginning of the 1930s, there have been pre-stressed concrete. Pre-stressed concrete structure of the crack resistance, rigidity and carrying capacity, much higher than the reinforced concrete structure, which uses an even wider area. Civil Engineering into the reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete dominant historical period. Concrete buildings to bring about the emergence of new economic, aesthetic structure in the form of engineering, civil engineering so that a new construction technology and engineering design of the structure of the theory. This is another leap in the development of civil engineering.A project to build the facilities in general to go through the investigation, design and construction in three stages, require the use of geological prospecting projects, hydro-geological survey, engineering survey, soil mechanics, mechanical engineering, engineering design, building materials, construction equipment, engineering machinery, building the economy , And other disciplines and 。
2.英文文献格式
[24] Allen, Richard S, Charles S. White, Margaret B. Takeda, Rewards and organizational performance in Japan and the United States,[J]. 2004, 7-14.Rewards and organizational performance in Japan and the United States这貌似不是一本书吧,是他们的成就的表现。
如果不是你就把这换成他们的书。[25] Marylin M. Helms, A comparison, Compensation and Benefits Review [J]. 2004, 7-14.[26] Andrews, Alice O,The effect of the chief executive officer's financial orientation,[M]. 2000,25(1), 93-106.[27] Theresa M, Welbourne, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice [M]. 2000,25(1), 93-106.[28] Heneman, Robert L., Judith W. Tansky, Sheng Wang , Compensation practices in small entrepreneurial and high-growth companies in the United States and China,[M],2002,13-22 [29]Zhong-Ming Wang, Compensation and Benefits Review,[M],2002,13-22 希望有帮助。
呵呵 你看看,对你有帮助:毕业论文参考文献规范格式 一、参考文献的类型 参考文献(即引文出处)的类型以单字母方式标识,具体如下:M——专著 C——论文集 N——报纸文章 J——期刊文章 D——学位论文 R——报告 对于不属于上述的文献类型,采用字母“Z”标识。对于英文参考文献,还应注意以下两点:①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则,具体格式是: 姓,名字的首字母. 如: Malcolm Richard Cowley 应为:Cowley, M.R.,如果有两位作者,第一位作者方式不变,&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面,姓放在后面,如:Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为:Norris, F. & I.Gordon.;②书名、报刊名使用斜体字,如:Mastering English Literature,English Weekly。
二、参考文献的格式及举例1.期刊类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号):起止页码.【举例】 [1] 王海粟.浅议会计信息披露模式[J].财政研究,2004,21(1):56-58.[2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业论文教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育,2004(1):46-52.[3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 – 67.2.专著类 【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地:出版社,出版年份:起止页码.【举例】[4] 葛家澍,林志军.现代西方财务会计理论[M].厦门:厦门大学出版社,2001:42.[5] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45.3.报纸类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名,出版日期(版次).【举例】 [6] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报,1998-12-27(3).[7] French, W. Between Silences: A Voice from China[N]. Atlantic Weekly, 1987-8-15(33).4.论文集 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[C].出版地:出版者,出版年份:起始页码.【举例】 [8] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海:上海译文出版社,1979:12-17.[9] Spivak,G. “Can the Subaltern Speak?”[A]. In C.Nelson & L. Grossberg(eds.). Victory in Limbo: Imigism [C]. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988, pp.271-313.[10] Almarza, G.G. Student foreign language teacher's knowledge growth [A]. In D.Freeman and J.C.Richards (eds.). Teacher Learning in Language Teaching [C]. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1996. pp.50-78.5.学位论文 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[D].出版地:保存者,出版年份:起始页码.【举例】 [11] 张筑生.微分半动力系统的不变集[D].北京:北京大学数学系数学研究所, 1983:1-7.6.研究报告 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[R].出版地:出版者,出版年份:起始页码.【举例】 [12] 冯西桥.核反应堆压力管道与压力容器的LBB分析[R].北京:清华大学核能技术设计研究院, 1997:9-10.7.条例 【格式】[序号]颁布单位.条例名称.发布日期 【举例】[15] 中华人民共和国科学技术委员会.科学技术期刊管理办法[Z].1991—06—058.译著 【格式】[序号]原著作者. 书名[M].译者,译.出版地:出版社,出版年份:起止页码.三、注释 注释是对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明。注释前面用圈码①、②、③等标识。
四、参考文献 参考文献与文中注(王小龙,2005)对应。标号在标点符号内。
多个都需要标注出来,而不是1-6等等 ,并列写出来。
3.毕业论文的外文翻译要写什么内容
《关于毕业论文书写格式》 关于毕业论文书写格式 (参考某一学校的要求) 论文书写格式 论文全部要采用word 来书写,文件名统一为“report95´ ´ .doc”,其中´ ´ 代表自己的学号。
学位论文一般应包括下述几部分: 论文首页格式: 其中学位论文题目用黑体二号字,其余用宋体四号字 论文题目应能概括整个论文最重要的内容,简明、恰当,一般不超过25个字。 中文摘要及其关键词(宋体5号字b5排版): 4 论文第二页为500字左右的中文内容摘要,应说明本论文的目的、研究方法、成果和结论。
学位论文摘要是学位论文的缩影,尽可能保留原论文的基本信息,突出论文的创造性成果和 新见解。论文摘要应尽量深入浅出,通俗易懂,少用公式字母,语言力求精炼、准确。
4 在本页的最下方另起一行,注明本文的关键词3╠5个。 英文摘要及其关键词(宋体5号字b5排版): 论文第三页为英文摘要,内容与中文摘要和关键词相同。
学校名称:东北师范大学 院(系)名称:计算机系 本科生学号: 学 位 论 文 题 目 学 科、专 业:计算机科学技术 本科生姓名: _____ _ 指导教师姓名:_________ 指导教师职称:___________ 东北师范大学计算机系学位评定委员会 年 月 摘 要(粗宋体居中四号字) (空一行) 摘要内容(宋体5号左对齐) (空一行) 关键词:词1、词2 目录: 论文各章节的详细目录。格式如下: 计算机概论……… ………………………………..……1 1.1 计算机产生……..…………………………………………..1 1.2 计算机的发展……………………………………………..2 1.3 计算机中的进制 …………………………………………3 一 二进制表示法…………………………………………..….3 第二章 计算机文化基础……………………………………….6 其中:“章”部分使用宋粗体四号字;“节”部分采用宋体5号字 引言(或序言)(宋体5号字b5排版): 内容为本研究领域的国内外现状,本论文所要解决的问题,该研究工作在经济建设、科技进步和社会发展等某方面的实用价值与理论意义。
正文是学位论文的主体: 4 要求采用宋体5号字b5排版。每页36行,每行32个字。
页码打印在页面下方中间位置, 论文装订后尺寸为标准b5复印纸的尺寸。页眉部分奇数页使用“东北师范大学计算机系 学士学位论文”,偶数页使用论文题目的名称。
4 论文中图表、附注、参考文献、公式一律采用阿拉伯数字连续(或 分章)编号。图序及图名置于图的下方;表序及表名置于表的上方;论文中的公式编号, 用括弧括起写在右边行末,其间不加虚线。
4 学位论文一律在左侧装订,要求装订、剪切整齐,便于使用。 4 论文字数控制在1万字至3万字之间。
宋体3号字居中显示 (空一行) §1.1 宋体4号字居中显示 (空一行) 粗宋体5号字左起 正文部分宋体5号字,语言要简练,不能有错字、别字。也不能有错误的观点。
参考文献: 按学位论文中所引用文献的顺序、列于文末。 [编号]、作者、文章题目、期刊名(外文可缩写)、年份、卷号、期数、页码。
文献是图书时,书写格式为: [编号]、作者、书名、出版单位、年份、版次、页码。 附录: 包括放在正文内过分冗长的公式、以备他人阅读方便所需的辅助性数学工具、重复 性的数据图表、论文使用的符号意义、单位缩写、程序全文及有关说明等。
4.毕业论文外文文献翻译
去百度文库,查看完整内容> 内容来自用户:秦园园 毕业设计说明书英文文献及中文翻译班级:学号:姓名:学院:软件学院专业:指导教师:2014年6月英文文献出自《IBM System Journal,2006,44(2):33-37》作者:Malcolm DavisStruts——An Open-source MVC ImplementationThis article introduces Struts, a Model-View-Controller implementation that uses servlets and JavaServer Pages (JSP) technology. Struts can help you control change in your Web project and promote specialization. Even if you never implement a system with Struts, you may get some ideas for your future servlets and JSP page in grade school put HTML pages on the Internet. However, there is a monumental difference between a grade school page and a professionally developed Web site. The page designer (or HTML developer) must understand colors, the customer, product flow, page layout, browser compatibility, image creation, JavaScript, and more. Putting a great looking site together takes a lot of work, and most Java developers are more interested in creating a great looking object interface than a user interface. JavaServer Pages (JSP) technology provides the glue between the page designer and the Java developer.If you have work。
5.要写毕业论文的外文翻译,谁能帮我下载份纯英文文献
先到百度文库,找一篇此类文档中文的,然后用有道翻译,或是谷歌在线翻译翻成英
文,然后把英文放上面,中文放下面。希望可以帮到你。如果要找标准的PDF格式外文文
献,可以在谷歌,用英文文献名+空格+PDF 这样比较容易找到。
第一是Google搜索,主要是英文,尤其是其学术搜索,意义大。
第二,通过各大学图书馆系统,进入几个主流的出版发行集团。
第三,利用网络免费储存、电子书系统。尤其是国外多。
1、论文题目:要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。
2、目录:目录是论文中主要段落的简表。(短篇论文不必列目录)
3、提要:是文章主要内容的摘录,要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字,多不超过三百字为宜。
4、关键词或主题词:关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的,是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语,便于信息系统汇集,以供读者检索。 每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词,另起一行,排在“提要”的左下方。 主题词是经过规范化的词,在确定主题词时,要对论文进行主题,依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。
5、论文正文: (1)引言:引言又称前言、序言和导言,用在论文的开头。 引言一般要概括地写出作者意图,说明选题的目的和意义, 并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。 〈2)论文正文:正文是论文的主体,正文应包括论点、论据、论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容: a.提出-论点; b.分析问题-论据和论证; c.解决问题-论证与步骤; d.结论。
6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料,列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页,标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。 中文:标题--作者--出版物信息(版地、版者、版期):作者--标题--出版物信息 所列参考文献的要求是: (1)所列参考文献应是正式出版物,以便读者考证。 (2)所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。
一,选题要新颖。
这次我的论文的成功,和高分,得到导师的赞许,都是因为我论文的选题新颖所给我带来的好处。最好涉及护理新领域,以及新进展,这样会给人耳目一新的感觉。
二,大量文献做基础
仔细查阅和你论文题目和研究范围相关的文献,大量的文献查阅会你的论文写作铺垫,借鉴别人的思路,和好的语言。而且在写作过程不会觉得语言平乏,当然也要自己一定的语言功底做基矗
三,一气呵成
做好充分的准备,不要每天写一些,每天改一些,这样会打断自己的思路,影响文章的连贯。
四,尽量采用多的专业术语
可能口语化的表达会给人带来亲切感,但论文是比较专业的形式,是有可能做为文献来查阅和检索的,所以论文语言的专业化,术语化会提升自己论文的水平。
五,用正规格式书写
参考正规的论文文献,论文格式。不要因为格式问题,而影响到你论文的质量。
六,最好在计算机上完成写作过程
如果有条件最好利用电脑来完成写作过程,好处以下几点:1,节省时间,无论打字的速度慢到什么程度,肯定要比手写的快。2,方便,大量的文献放在手边,一个一个查阅是很不方便的,文献都是用数据库编辑,所以都是在电脑上完成。提前先在电脑上摘要出重点,写出提纲,随时翻阅,方便写作。3,修改编辑,在电脑随时对文章进行修改编辑都是非常的方便。4,随时存档,写一段,存一段,防止突然停电,或者电脑当机。本人就是吃了这个大亏,一个晚上的劳动,差点就全没了,幸亏男友是电脑高手,帮我找回。否则就恨着电脑,哭死算了。
七,成稿打印好交给导师
无论你的字写的多么优美,还是按照惯例来,打印出的文字显的正规,而且交流不存在任何的问题,不会让导师因为看不懂你的龙飞凤舞,而低估你的论文。而且干净整洁,女孩子不仅注意自己的形象问题,书面的东西也反映你的修养和气质。
八,听取导师意见,仔细修改
导师会给你一些关于你论文建设性的意见,仔细参考,认真修改。毕竟导师是发表过多篇论文,有颇多的经验。
6.谁能帮我翻译一个大学毕业论文的外文摘要及关键词
[abstract] through experiment and use statistical methods, more innovative and traditional two sprint techniques to improve special exercises dash speed impact. According to the modern sprint technique characteristics, tradition and innovation of the two sprint technicality exercise in action structure range of movement and strength characteristics and practice of psychological directional etc carries on the comprehensive analysis and comparison, this paper the sprint technical innovation practice, compared with traditional practice teaching specialized training effect dash of comparative experiments, discusses the more conducive to quickly masters sprint special technology and improving special scores sprint special exercises, reminding people in traditional athletics technique teaching training should establish technical innovation consciousness, change track and field teaching and training well behind the continuous development of track and field sports practice condition.
[key words] innovation sprint techniques special practice swing - translational psychological directional training method
The following is the school to the template citied abstract and keywords 网络翻译- - 什么不懂 追问
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