众文网1.跪求英语论文5000字
(For children and primary school pupils) （一） Developing oral communication skills Oral communication skills here refer to listening and speaking skills. They are very important skills for beginners. Children learning their native language begin by understanding through listening. They comprehend the language long before they can speak. With primary school pupils, it is better that we let them listen and understand the language first. Let them speak gradually when they feel ready and comfortable with it. In fact, listening and speaking are always used inseparably in real life situations. However, listening is an important basis for speaking. The following are some listening and speaking activities you can use in the classroom. Read them and discuss which ones are adaptable in your teaching and which ones are not practical for your situations and explain why. Listening Activities ♠ Listen and act/follow instructions This type of activity is also known as TPR (Total Physical Response). TPR is an extremely useful and adaptable teaching technique in the primary classroom for language learning. With TPR, children listen to their teacher telling them what to do and then do it. This is also the way how children acquired their first language. They are able to do things according to what they hear long before they are able to speak the language. By doing TPR, you are also giving chil- dren a sense of security. It does not matter if they cannot pronounce the word or say the sentence. They can simply listen and watch others to understand the meaning. For TPR activities, the easiest is to start with classroom commands, 'touch' activities and verbs in action, etc. （二）Speaking activities Speaking activities do not need to be always reading aloud, reciting dialogues or repeating what the teacher said. When we speak, we speak with a purpose and we speak with interest as well. Therefore, we need to create interesting topics and genuine purposes for children to speak the language. Of course some imitations and repetitions are necessary to prepare children to speak, but even with imi- tations and repetitions, we can make them more interesting and meaningful. One important point to note is that speaking only develops gradually with plenty of practice and with a lot of encouragement. We should have realistic expectations with children beginning with English. The following are some speaking activities. Some of them are basic speaking activities and some of them are more advanced speaking activities. They can only be applied with different levels of learners and in different contexts. 本文摘自：。
2.求一篇 【英文的论文】 5000字以上
A Contrastive Study of Courtesy Language in English and Chinese 英汉礼貌用语对比研究 I Contents Abstract in Chinese Abstract in English Chapter I Introduction………………………………………………………………1 Chapter II A Review of Literature on Courtesy Language Studies……………….2 2.1 Definitions of Politeness in English and Chinese………………………………2 2.2 Indirect Speech Acts Theory and Courtesy Language……………………….…3 2.3 Cooperative Principle and Courtesy Language…………………………………3 Chapter III Cultural Influences on Courtesy Language…………………….……6 3.1 Two Different Cultures………………………………………………………….6 3.1.1 Confucianism…………………………………………………………….6 3.1.2 Christianity……………………………………………………………….7 3.2 Politeness Principle:Chinese vs English……………………………………..8 3.2.1 Politeness Principle of Chinese………………………………………….8 3.2.2 Politeness Principle of English……………………………………….10 3.3 Age Value:Chinese vs English……………………………………………12 3.4 Face Theory:English vs Chinese………………………………………….12 3.4.1 Face Theory in English………………………………………………..13 3.4.2 Face Theory in Chinese………………………………………………….13 Chapter IV A Contrastive Study of Courtesy Language in Chinese and English ………………………………………………………………………………………..15 4.1 Terms of Address…………………………………………………………….15 4.1.1 Kinship Terms…………………………………………………….…..15 4.1.2 Non-kinship terms……………………………………………………….17 4.2 Greetings……………………………………………………………………..19 4.2.1 Purposes of Greetings……………………………………………………..19 4.2.2 Contents of Greetings……………………………………………….…..20 4.2.3 Forms of Greetings………………………………………………………..21 4.3 Congratulations………………………………………………………………22 4.4 Appreciations and Apologies…………………………………………………..23 Chapter V Mutual Influences of Courtesy Language between the Two LanguagesII ………………………………………………………………………………………..24 5.1 Influence of English Courtesy Language on Chinese………………………..24 5.2 Influence of Chinese Courtesy Language on English………………………..24 Chapter VI Pragmatic Failure in Courtesy Language……………………………….25 Chapter VII Conclusion…………………………………………………………………..28 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………………30III 英汉礼貌用语对比研究 年级：2003研究生：卜晓阳导师：李冬梅副教授何瑞镛教授 学科专业：英语语言文学研究方向：特殊用途英语 摘要 本文主要从文化角度对英汉礼貌用语进行对比研究。
近年来由于对外交流的不断发展，人们对于外语知识的渴求也在不断地增 长。但是如果人们不了解英汉两种语言的异同--特别在礼貌用语方面，在交际中 可能会出现一些误解，影响具有两种语言背景人们之间的交流，也影响语言学习 者对语言的掌握。
礼貌是一种社会现象，它普遍存在于各国语言中，但由于文化价值差异和语 用习惯的不同，人们对礼貌的理解、处理和运用方式各不相同。在跨文化交际中， 我们应该注意到不同文化的内涵，否则容易引起交际中的语用失误。
中国文化和英美文化被视为东西方文化的代表。中国文化深受儒家思想的影 响，强调人的社会性、集体精神，强化社会、集体对人的约束。
而英美社会中， 人们推崇的是个人主义，讲究个人拥有不受他人干扰的权利和自由，个人利益神 圣不可侵犯。 语言是文化的一部分，受到文化的影响，是文化的一面镜子。
因此礼貌用语 作为语言的一部分与文化也是密不可分的。英汉文化不同，英汉语言的礼貌原则 也存在差异。
汉语礼貌原则的最大特点是"自卑尊人"，通过贬低自己表示对别人 的礼貌；英语礼貌原则被概括为六对"尽量多，尽量少"。英语礼貌原则与汉语礼 貌原则的最大差异是它没有称呼准则。
西方人受基督教的影响，追求平等自由， 因此他们不象中国人在称呼上如此讲究身份和地位的差异。这些特点在双方的礼 貌用语里都得到了充分的体现。
礼貌用语主要通过以下几种形式出现，称谓语，问候语，祝福语，感谢语， 道歉语等。受不同文化的影响，英汉礼貌用语在上述的形式中也存在差异。
英汉 称谓语的最大差异在于汉语称谓语丰富而复杂，而英语称谓语简单而粗疏；汉语 把亲属称谓泛化到了亲属关系之外的范围，而在英语中却没有这种现象。英美人 交。
3.帮忙翻译一篇5000字的英文文献
1.3 Aquaculture Industrialization in Developing Countries 13水产产业化在发展中国家Industrialization and commercialization will likely shape aquaculture development in developing regions throughout the world with growth trends mirroring 21 those observed in the United States during the 20th century. In particular, most food industries in the United States, including aquaculture, have shifted away from traditional 工业化、商品化水产养殖的发展将很可能在发展中地区形状全世界提供增长趋势镜像21所观察到的现象在美国二十世纪期间。
特别指出的是，目前在美国食品行业，包括养殖、迁走了从传统practices by which individual farmers both produce and distribute food in small scale to 这两个习惯，个体农民的生产和发行规模小，食物local or regional markets. Many food system industries are now industrialized operations 当地或区域的市场。许多食物系统行业现在是工业化的操作in which three principal components: manufacturing, processing, and distribution are able 在这三个主分量：生产、加工、配送能力出众to operate independently and in large-scale. The aquaculture industry is still in early 自主经营和规模宏大。
水产养殖产业尚处于早期stages of industrialization compared to other agriculture sectors, yet the trend towards 比起其他的工业化阶段，然而农业领域的发展趋势commercialization and de-coupling of its principal components are already well de-coupling和商业化的主成分已经够好了underway. 开始工作。Predicting the specific mechanisms by which the aquaculture industry will grow， 预测的具体机制水产业将会加剧，based on the analysis of past market changes, is difficult as data on the aggregation and 分析的基础上，过去的市场变化，已经够艰难的数据聚集和market concentrations of agriculture and aquaculture system components for the United 农业市场和水产养殖的浓度为曼联系统组件States have only been collected since the early 1980's with the exception of fruit and 州只有被收藏之初以来1980年的除了水果和vegetables (Dimitri, 1999). However, traditional agriculture markets are clearly being 蔬菜（迪米特里，1999）。
然而，传统农业市场都有明确的存在replaced by vertical integration, strategic alliances, and contracts (Rogers, 2000; 2001). 取而代之的垂直整合，战略联盟，合同（·罗杰斯，2000;2001年）。As a result, operations for each of the three stages of food systems are becoming larger 作为一个结果，操作的每个三个阶段的食物系统已经变得更大and more efficient, but fewer in number. Moreover, aquaculture businesses within the 更少、更高效，但在数字。
此外，在水产养殖企业United States are now able to operate in large-scale as they coordinate business functions 美国现在能够在大型作为他们协调业务功能within an industry network comprised of multiple strategic partnerships. Such networks 在一个工业网络包含在多样的战略伙伴关系。这样的网络serve to coordinate supply and demand in large-scale. Building similar business 服务协调供需规模宏大。
建设同类业务frameworks in developing regions of the world will likely play an equally critical role in 框架在发展中国家可能会起到同等重要的作用the development of agriculture and aquaculture sectors. 农业的发展和水产养殖等行业。22 22With the anticipation of future development of aquaculture supporting 预期未来与养殖业的发展支持infrastructures, new business model opportunities will likely develop which will further 基础设施、新的商业模式的机会也可能这将进一步发展enhance the global connectivity of the aquaculture industry. Already, a number of 提高全球的连通性养殖业。
已，相当多的businesses are able to transport aquaculture products internationally to satisfy global 商人能够养殖水产品国际运输，以满足全球needs. In fact, the United States is a net importer of aquaculture products. However, as 需要。事实上，美国是养殖水产品的净进口国。
然而，随着the aquaculture industry becomes increasingly connected on a global scale, it will likely 水产养殖事业越来越连接在全球范围内，它可能会be transformed under multi-national business models much like those observed in 在跨国经营模式转变中所观察到的一样advanced manufacturing industries (e.g. automotive industry). For example, a Japanese 先进制造业（如汽车行业）。例如，一个日本car company operating a facility in the United States may have several components 汽车公司操作的一种设施在美国可能有几个部件manufactured from raw materials in places such as Germany and Russia. Those 从原料制造的地方，如德国和俄罗斯。
那些components may then be shipped to Japan where they are assembled into a subcomponent 组件可能会被运往日本的地方，他们受到组合成。
4.跪求英语论文5000字
(For children and primary school pupils) （一） Developing oral communication skills Oral communication skills here refer to listening and speaking skills. They are very important skills for beginners. Children learning their native language begin by understanding through listening. They comprehend the language long before they can speak. With primary school pupils, it is better that we let them listen and understand the language first. Let them speak gradually when they feel ready and comfortable with it. In fact, listening and speaking are always used inseparably in real life situations. However, listening is an important basis for speaking. The following are some listening and speaking activities you can use in the classroom. Read them and discuss which ones are adaptable in your teaching and which ones are not practical for your situations and explain why. Listening Activities Listen and act/follow instructions This type of activity is also known as TPR (Total Physical Response). TPR is an extremely useful and adaptable teaching technique in the primary classroom for language learning. With TPR, children listen to their teacher telling them what to do and then do it. This is also the way how children acquired their first language. They are able to do things according to what they hear long before they are able to speak the language. By doing TPR, you are also giving chil- dren a sense of security. It does not matter if they cannot pronounce the word or say the sentence. They can simply listen and watch others to understand the meaning. For TPR activities, the easiest is to start with classroom commands, 'touch' activities and verbs in action, etc. （二）Speaking activities Speaking activities do not need to be always reading aloud, reciting dialogues or repeating what the teacher said. When we speak, we speak with a purpose and we speak with interest as well. Therefore, we need to create interesting topics and genuine purposes for children to speak the language. Of course some imitations and repetitions are necessary to prepare children to speak, but even with imi- tations and repetitions, we can make them more interesting and meaningful. One important point to note is that speaking only develops gradually with plenty of practice and with a lot of encouragement. We should have realistic expectations with children beginning with English. The following are some speaking activities. Some of them are basic speaking activities and some of them are more advanced speaking activities. They can only be applied with different levels of learners and in different contexts. 本文摘自： 。
5.跪求一篇关于土木工程的中英文翻译论文 5000字 毕业用的 在线等
Improved nonlinear plastic hinge analysis of space frame structures J.Y. Richard Liew a,*, H. Chen a, N.E. Shanmugam a, W.F. Chen b a Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, Singapore b School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA Received 5 January 1999; received in revised form 17 August 1999; accepted 25 August 1999 Abstract This paper is concerned with second-order plastic hinge analysis of three-dimensional frame structures. The beam–column formulation is based on the use of stability interpolation functions for the transverse displacements, and considers the elastic coupling effects between axial, flexural and torsional displacements. The developed computer program can be used to predict accurately the elastic flexural buckling load of columns and frames by modelling each physical member as one element. It can also be used to predict the elastic buckling loads associated with axial-torsional and lateral-torsional instabilities, which are essential for predicting the nonlinear behaviour of space frame structures. The member bowing effect and initial out-of-straightness are also considered so that the nonlinear spatial behaviour of structures can be captured with fewer elements per member. Material nonlinearity is modelled by using the concentrated plastic hinge approach. Plastic hinge between the member ends is allowed to occur. Numerical examples including both geometric and material nonlinearities are used to demonstrate the robustness, accuracy and efficiency of the proposed analytical method and computer program. Ó 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.Keywords: Advanced analysis; Buckling; Nonlinear analysis; Plastic hinges; Space frames; Instability1. Introduction Two-dimensional (2-D) plastic hinge analysis of plane frames composed of members with compact section,fully braced out-of-plane, has been the subject for investigation in recent years. The theory for advanced inelastic analysis of rigid and semi-rigid 2-D frames has been well developed and verified by tests [1,2]. These analysis methods fulfil the requirements for the prediction of member strength and stability, with some constraints,satisfying the conventional column and beam–column design limit-state checks. Although there have been much work on the plastic hinge analysis of 3-D frame structures, the issues related to different theoretical and numerical formulations and their accuracy and efficiency in solving large frameworks are not addressed well. The research presented in this paper is an extension of advanced analysis for 2-D frames [2] to 3-D frames [3–5], reflecting the current trend towards the rationalisation of advanced analysis procedures.* Corresponding 改进非线性塑性铰空间框架结构的分析 摘要：这份研究报告表明三维的框架结构与二维逻辑性塑性铰的关联，梁柱公式化的表述并嵌入横断面移动为基准，并考虑轴力、弯曲和扭力的移位之间的关系。
发达的计算机程序作出通过每个物质成分作为一个基本部件做模型的塔器和框架可弯曲的负载量，它也能预报可弯曲负载量与轴向扭力和横向扭力的不稳定性的关联，这对预报非线性空间结构的作用是必不可少的，以便非线性空间结构的性能和部分成分一些原理能被输入计算机。重要的非线性通过使用浓缩的塑性铰方式被制作模型，塑性铰和成分末端是容许存在。
数值的例子包括集合学和重要的非线性，两者习惯于证明目的的分析方法和电脑程序的稳定性，精确性。
6.大学毕业论文英文翻译
我的回答仅供参考：
Abstract:Modern pace of life is gradually accelerated, accompanied by live, work, learning from the pressure of the Quartet, people seeking easy, leisurely attitude to the clothes on top to slowly show. Practices and trends aside annoying constraints, began seeking a comfortable, natural new packaging.Therefore, the casual clothing such as a scourge in apparel like the perfect chapter opened, now has become mainstream.With the vigorous development of fast Internet, online shopping boom will be rolling in, so the network is also increasingly diverse products together. Take casual clothing, for example, a search engine to easily find thousands of small and large network of shops, clothing and styles is diverse. However, in this fierce competition, the enterprise is how to survive?How to beat the tens of thousands of opponents? Understanding of e-business friends should know that the network set up its own brand is not an easy thing, the various limitations of it as network operators face a major problem. However, this conundrum is the key to beating the competition.
7.毕业论文摘要英文翻译
Since our reform and opening to the world, china has been make great strides forward and change greatly in all fields such as economy, culture and politics .when its comes to culture,the strides are showed on the rise of female's educational level and The ratio of female in universities and colleges.even the ratio reach up to 50%.we know that the graduated students is one of the main part of job hunters.The inequalities between the sexes were mirrored in social life ,especially in obtaining employment .
The inequalities between is obvious, most of company would like to choose male instead of female when meeting the same condition interviewee, and female often given lower salary compare with male when doing the same work in the same company according to sex determination. It is worthwhile to note that female are more likely restricted and aggression in gender inequality in obtaining employment.gender inequality effect female's development and future, neglect social integration, harm social cooperation of genders, which lead to consequence seriously such as the lack of coordination between male and female, sound development and the normal operation . the root cause of these problems include sexual discrimination, employing units exist prejudice and angular impression involved in different vocations and some personal reasons from students as professional choice and mental qualities.in order to resolve these problems, we need the public change those angular impressions, employing units
broad vision with development. Meanwhile, as students, who need build health personality and learn more useful knowledge.
The paper will analyze and discuss
the phenomenon of gender inequality of universities and college students in china ,and
conclude some effective Issues and Countermeasures
8.急需关于温度的英文资料,大概5000到10000字,最好带英文翻译
“温度”，这个范围也太大了吧，从哪些方面考虑呢？叫人摸不着头脑。
In physics, temperature is a physical property of a system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold; something that feels hotter generally has the greater temperature. Temperature is one of the principal parameters of thermodynamics. On the macroscopic scale, temperature is the unique physical property that determines the direction of heat flow between two objects placed in thermal contact. If no heat flow occurs, the two objects have the same temperature; otherwise heat flows from the hotter object to the colder object. This is the content of the zeroth law of thermodynamics. On the microscopic scale, temperature can be defined as the average energy in each degree of freedom in the particles in a system- because temperature is a statistical property, a system must contain a few particles for the question as to its temperature to make any sense. For a solid, this energy is found in the vibrations of its atoms about their equilibrium positions. In an ideal monatomic gas, energy is found in the translational motions of the particles; with molecular gases, vibrational and rotational motions also provide thermodynamic degrees of freedom. Temperature is measured with thermometers that may be calibrated to a variety of temperature scales. In most of the world (except for Myanmar, Liberia and the United States), the Celsius scale is used for most temperature measuring purposes. The entire scientific world (these countries included) measures temperature using the Celsius scale and thermodynamic temperature using the kelvin scale, which is just the Celsius scale shifted downwards so that 0 K[1]= −273.15 °C, or absolute zero. Many engineering fields in the U.S., especially high-tech ones, also use the kelvin and degrees Celsius scales. Other engineering fields in the U.S. also rely upon the Rankine scale (a shifted Fahrenheit scale) when working in thermodynamic-related disciplines such as combustion.Intuitively, temperature is the measurement of how hot or cold something is, although the most immediate way in which we can measure this, by feeling it, is unreliable, resulting in the phenomenon of felt air temperature, which can differ at varying degrees from actual temperature. On the molecular level, temperature is the result of the motion of particles which make up a substance. Temperature increases as the energy of this motion increases. The motion may be the translational motion of the particle, or the internal energy of the particle due to molecular vibration or the excitation of an electron energy level. Although very specialized laboratory equipment is required to directly detect the translational thermal motions, thermal collisions by atoms or molecules with small particles suspended in a fluid produces Brownian motion that can be seen with an ordinary microscope. The thermal motions of atoms are very fast and temperatures close to absolute zero are required to directly observe them. For instance, when scientists at the NIST achieved a record-setting cold temperature of 700 nK (1 nK = 10−9 K) in 1994, they used optical lattice laser equipment to adiabatically cool caesium atoms. They then turned off the entrapment lasers and directly measured atom velocities of 7 mm per second in order to calculate their temperature.Molecules, such as O2, have more degrees of freedom than single atoms: they can have rotational and vibrational motions as well as translational motion. An increase in temperature will cause the average translational energy to increase. It will also cause the energy associated with vibrational and rotational modes to increase. Thus a diatomic gas, with extra degrees of freedom rotation and vibration, will require a higher energy input to change the temperature by a certain amount, i.e. it will have a higher heat capacity than a monatomic gas.The process of cooling involves removing energy from a system. When there is no more energy able to be removed, the system is said to be at absolute zero, which is the point on the thermodynamic (absolute) temperature scale where all kinetic motion in the particles comprising matter ceases and they are at complete rest in the “classic” (non-quantum mechanical) sense. By definition, absolute zero is a temperature of precisely 0 kelvins （−273.15 °C or −459.68 °F）.The formal properties of temperature follow from its mathematical definition (see below for the zeroth law definition and the second law definition) and are studied in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics.Contrary to other thermodynamic quantities such as entropy and heat, 。
9.我急需一篇关于土木工程的中英文翻译论文 5000字
土木工程概论论文 对土木工程的发展起关键作用的，首先是作为工程物质基础的土木建筑材料，其次是随之发展起来的设计理论和施工技术。
每当出现新的优良的建筑材料时，土木工程就 会有飞跃式的发展。 人们在早期只能依靠泥土、木料及其它天然材料从事营造活动，后来出现了砖和瓦这种人工建筑材料，使人类第一次冲破了天然建筑材料的束缚。
中国在公元前十一世纪 的西周初期制造出瓦。最早的砖出现在公元前五世纪至公元前三世纪战国时的墓室中。
砖和瓦具有比土更优越的力学性能，可以就地取材，而又易于加工制作。 砖和瓦的出现使人们开始广泛地、大量地修建房屋和城防工程等。
由此土木工程技术得到了飞速的发展。直至18~19世纪，在长达两千多年时间里，砖和瓦一直是土木工程的重要建筑材料，为人类文明作出了伟大的贡献，甚至在目前还被广泛采用。
钢材的大量应用是土木工程的第二次飞跃。 十七世纪70年代开始使用生铁、十九世纪初开始使用熟铁建造桥梁和房屋，这是钢结构出现的前奏。
从十九世纪中叶开始，冶金业冶炼并轧制出抗拉和抗压强度都很高、延性好、质量均匀的建筑钢材，随后又生产出高强度钢丝、钢索 。于是适应发展需要的钢结构得到蓬勃发展。
除应用原有的粱、拱结构外，新兴的桁架、框架、网架结构、悬索结构逐渐推广，出现了结构形式百花争艳的局面。 建筑物跨径从砖结构、石结构、木结构的几米、几十米发展到钢结构的百米、几百米，直到现代的千米以上。
于是在大江、海峡上架起大桥，在地面上建造起摩天大楼和高耸铁塔，甚至在地面下铺设铁路，创造出前所未有的奇迹。 为适应钢结构工程发展的需要，在牛顿力学的基础上，材料力学、结构力学、工程结构设计理论等就应运而生。
施工机械、施工技术和施工组织设计的理论也随之发展，土木工程从经验上升成为科学，在工程实践和基础理论方面都面貌一新，从而促成了土木工程更迅速的发展。 十九世纪20年代，波特兰水泥制成后，混凝土问世了。
混凝土骨料可以就地取材，混凝土构件易于成型，但混凝土的抗拉强度很小，用途受到限制。 十九世纪中叶以后，钢铁产量激增，随之出现了钢筋混凝土这种新型的复合建筑材料，其中钢筋承担拉力，混凝土承担压力，发挥了各自的优点。
二十世纪初以来，钢筋混凝土广泛应用于土木工程的各个领域。 从三十年代开始，出现了预应力混凝土。
预应力混凝土结构的抗裂性能、刚度和承载能力，大大高于钢筋混凝土结构，因而用途更为广阔。土木工程进入了钢筋混凝土和预应力混凝土占统治地位的历史时期。
混凝土的出现给建筑物带来了新的经济、美观的工程结构形式，使土木工程产生了新的施工技术和工程结构设计理论。这是土木工程的又一次飞跃发展。
土木工程的特点 建造一项工程设施一般要经过勘察、设计和施工三个阶段，需要运用工程地质勘察、水文地质勘察、工程测量、土力学、工程力学、工程设计、建筑材料、建筑设备、工程机械、建筑经济等学科和施工技术、施工组织等领域的知识 ，以及电子计算机和力学测试等技术。因而土木工程是一门范围广阔的综合性学科。
随着科学技术的进步和工程实践的发展，土木工程这个学科也已发展成为内涵广泛、门类众多、结构复杂的综合体系。 土木工程是伴随着人类社会的发展而发展起来的。
它所建造的工程设施反映出各个历史时期社会经济、文化、科学、技术发展的面貌，因而土木工程也就成为社会历史发展的见证之一。 远古时代，人们就开始修筑简陋的房舍、道路、桥梁和沟澶，以满足简单的生活和生产需要。
后来，人们为了适应战争、生产和生活以及宗教传播的需要，兴建了城池、运河、宫殿、寺庙以及其他各种建筑物。 许多著名的工程设施显示出人类在这个历史时期的创造力。
例如，中国的长城、都江堰、大运河、赵州桥、应县木塔，埃及的金字塔，希腊的巴台农神庙，罗马的给水工程、科洛西姆圆形竞技场（罗马大斗兽场），以及其他许多著名的教堂、宫殿等。 产业革命以后，特别是到了20世纪，一方面社会向土木工程提出了新的需求；另一方面，社会各个领域为土木工程的前进创造了良好的条件。
因而这个时期的土木工程得到突飞猛进的发展。在世界各地出现了现代化规模宏大的工业厂房、摩天大厦，核电站、高速公路和铁路、大跨桥梁、大直径运输管道长隧道、大运河、大堤坝、大飞机场、大海港以及海洋工程等等。
现代土木工程不断地为人类社会创造崭新的物质环境，成为人类社会现代文明的重要组成部分。 土木工程是具有很强的实践性的学科。
在早期，土木工程是通过工程实践，总结成功的经验，尤其是吸取失败的教训发展起来的。从17世纪开始，以伽利略和牛顿为先导的近代力学同土木工程实践结合起来，逐渐形成材料力学、结构力学、流体力学、岩体力学，作为土木工程的基础理论的学科。
这样土木工程才逐渐从经验发展成为科学。 在土木工程的发展过程中，工程实践经验常先行于理论，工程事故常显示出未能预见的新因素，触发新理论的研究和发展。
至今不少工程问题的处理，在很大程度上仍然依靠实践经验。 土木工程。
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