众文网1.金融专业毕业论文的外文翻译
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"STOCKM ARKETD EVELOPMENAT NDL ONG-RUNG ROWTH"
BYROSS LEVINE AND SARA ZERVOS
World stock markets are booming. Developing country stock markets compose a
disproportionately large amount of this growth. Over the past 10 years, world stock market
capitalization rose from $4.7 trillion to $15.2 trillion, and emerging market capitalization jumped
from less than 4 percent to almost 13 percent of total world capitalization. Similarly, over this
decade, the trading of shares on emerging stock exchanges rose from less than 3 percent to 17
percent of the total value of transactions on the world's stock exchanges. Further, Korajczyk
(1996) shows that emerging markets have become more integrated with world capital markets
during the past seven years. The blossoming of emerging stock markets has attracted the
attention of international investors. Portfolio equity flows to emerging markets jumped from
$150 million in 1984 to over $39 billion in 1995. Yet, there exists very little empirical evidence
on the relationship between stock market development and long-run economic growth.
(1995) argue that liquid stock markets can increase incentives to get information about firms and improve corporate governance. Finally, Obstfeld (1994) shows that international risk sharing 3 through internationally integrated stock markets improves resource allocation and can accelerate the rate of economic growth. Theoretical disagreement exists, however, about the importance of stock markets for economic growth. Mayer (1988) argues that even large stock markets are unimportant sources of corporate finance. Stiglitz (1985, 1993) says that stock market liquidity will not enhance incentives for acquiring information about firms or exerting corporate governance. Moreover, Devereux and Smith (1994) emphasize that greater risk sharing through internationally integrated我有全文，可是字数限制贴起来好麻烦
2.求一份金融专业方面的外文文献（毕业论文用）,如果有翻译更好,
金融衍生工具和流通量的上升流通的社会结构性成因 激增的短期投机资本通过这种承受风险的衍生物的流通而变得具体和富有生气 似乎从正在进行的全球经济的基本社会结构的变革中反映，放大和升华Eatwell and Taylor 2002。
上述现象更是使重要性日益增强的流动性与金融机构及工具的发展特别是在流动性资本方面的关系得到了不断的发展Prykeand Allen 2000。这似乎是现代资本主义的内在动力强迫他们趋向于追逐更高的，更具全球范围意义的生产标准，那似乎是在产生那样一种能够连接自身成为社会结构价值的，逐渐上升的复杂标准。
虽然在当时并没有发现从二十世纪七十年代开始欧美工业生产的潜力已经耗尽了Brenner 1998，需要一定的空间来补救和修复Harvey 2000 James 2001。 许多行业需要探索新的途径来对更边缘的地区进行一体化（特别是南亚地区），以此来支撑受过度的产品生产和过多的资本积累强制驱动的，从而引发的关键性矛盾。
正如斯皮罗所说1999，欧美资本主义所产生和吸收的资本量（尤其是欧佩克成员国），在大部分现有的工业部门，已经超过了它能有利润的进行资本再投资的需求量。因此哈维1982所评论说“如果平衡被重新恢复，需要一个过程，即通过运行生产系统消除过剩的资本，那么资本过度积累的趋势将被自动抵消。”
宗主国响应的一个关键性方面是欧美公司全球性的重组，开始把大量工业原材料的生产和原件的制造外包给那些较先进的发展中国家的较发达地区。通常是南亚，特别是中国是这次重组的主要受惠者Singh 2002。
那些先进地区边缘的内陆地区也包括整个国家，比如巴基斯坦，也成为了原材料和手工劳动产品（例如：纺织品）的外包中心。尽管还有一些国家，特别是虽然不是只在沙哈拉以南的非洲地区，他们参加这个过程仅仅给人以边缘的和偶然的感觉。
正如邦德（2001）的分析师认为，像莫桑比克和乍得这样的国家，似乎被全球经济所孤立除了那些最受剥削的方面。 生产的这一改组接连产生了那些传统解决办法不能解决的问题Hoogvelt1997。
与先前的国际贸易的形式形成对比，这种从二十世纪七十年代开始的重组活动，引发并导致了生产过程在基本投入阶段的破裂Jones 2000。契约化外包服务（在给定的时间范围内提供产品的协议）的增值和机构化，使得那些公司必须去解决的风险增加了，并且风险被重新配置。
新的、表面上看来，更不容易控制的风险，例如政治风险、交易对手风险和货币风险，即将出现。为了规避这些风险，正如希勒（1993）评论的那样，金融机构开始为企业客户开发衍生物及其市场。
为了使那些衍生物变得富有效率，它们的市场需要是易变现的（具有流 ，使公司负责人能够依照他们的需求来购买和销售。流动性需求连同这动性的）些市场自我扩张的结构，为吸收那些在宗主国过度积累的资本提供了新的出路和机会，孕育新的机构，比如对冲基金和新的银行业部门，那专门研究如何对管理投机资本。
而且，因为资产池的不断扩大，及金融技术人员塑造出新的衍生工具合约来扩大投机资本的范围和最大限度的发挥投机资本的杠杆作用，加之新技术的运用使得在全球范围内不分昼夜的进行交易成为可能，这种资本的经济力量正在以指数方式增长。那些数字确实的让人惊奇：每年进行交易的金融衍生工具的 。
根价值已经接近一百万亿美元，而绝大多数在未受管制的场外交易市场（OTC）据美国财政部2003，那些银行集团企业，JP 摩根大通，目前已经有一个衍生成的有根基的能够控制超过两万亿美元外国货币的阵地，超过绝大多数国家的国民生产总值。因此生产的最重要的产物是迅速的成为连通性物流的生产活动，通信网络，金融工具和技术，用来援助和扩大其流通性。
投机资本，金融衍生品和风险 根据提示，金融衍生品是这个循环社会结构的一个组成部分，具有三个相互关联的因素。三个因素中首先是投机资本，这是一个巨大的，任意的，非生产导向性的和不断的扩大资金池移动性的，游动的，存在于绝大多数投资银行例如：高盛，私自拥有对冲基金e.g. LTCM和特别是那些最大公司的财务部门（例如：通用电气财务公司）手中。
这些银行、基金和部门坐落在文化和精神上，要不然的话就是欧洲和美国的地缘政治景观。第二个因素是金融衍生产品及其市场。
这套联动体系在许多方面参与全球市场，其中最有意义的是扩大了这些产品的销售。这是重要的，因为金融衍生产品是投机资本在全球市场上所运用的最重要的工具。
金融衍生产品在本质上是基于货币价格（即利率）或国家间货币的关系进行变动。从市场角度出发，它们似乎是必要的和自然的，因为它们被与在全球化当中其核心作用的流动性有关的风险所激发。
最后一个因素是最近铸造成的和具有决定性的风险概念：是新的，因为风险被从不确定的和限定的实体领域所抽取出来，因为它构成了这种产品和衍生物的价格。这些因素的构造和组合构成了金融流通文化的分子结构。
虽然三者本身多不是新的，他们的组合，重新定义，制度化和技术放大在世界经济的运作方式上产生了根本性的转变，以流通的范围不断的扩大和自主性不。
3.金融学小论文英文
The development of modern finance First, the financial problem of the uncertainty (A) the uncertainty of the field in the application of asset pricing 1. Portfolio Theory and Capital Asset Pricing Model In the framework of the financial analysis, introduction of the concept of uncertainty is a major role. First Kenes (1936) and Hicks (1939) proposed the concept of risk compensation that the financial products in the presence of uncertainty, should interest rates in different financial products in compensation for additional risks. Subsequently, Von Neumann (1947) applied the concept of expected utility of the proposed settlement in the decision-making under uncertainty in the method chosen, on this basis Markowiz (1952) developed a portfolio theory, he thought when investors choose portfolio concerned only with future cash flow of the mean and variance. He assumed that the expected utility of investors consistent with secondary distribution or multinomial distribution. Markowiz The main conclusions are subject to uncertainty, optimal decision-making is a diversified investment holding. Tobin (1958) that investor liquidity preferences for their own benefits and risks of different options for the balance. This further improved the framework of portfolio choice theory. In the field of asset pricing model is another well-known theory of capital pricing model (CAPM), Sharp (1994) and Lintner (1995) using the formula succinctly expressed the portfolio value and risk-free interest rate and the level of risk assets, the relationship between . Black (1972) introduced even in the non-risk assets zones remained the case, Sharp and the CAPM formula is still valid, just without the risk of interest rates are including the entire market on all assets of the portfolio rate of return instead of the 预期. Contemporary with the CAPM model of the asset pricing model also Ross (1977) arbitrage pricing model (APT) and Lucas (1978) the typical agent asset pricing model. Represented by CAPM asset pricing model for asset pricing provides a simple method of calculation, and obtain some support from empirical studies (Fama and Macbeth, 1973), but in reality some of the anomalies is still a lack of effective explanatory power, Brennan (1989) that the CAPM is based on the expectations of all investors in the investment and risk are common in estimates and judgments, and all investors the same utility function based on the assumption that this assumption is inconsistent with the reality This is leading to some practical problems CAPM on the root causes of the lack of explanatory power. It is beyond doubt on these assumptions, to promote the introduction of the concept of asymmetric information and research. 2. Market efficiency hypothesis Market efficiency hypothesis that in a perfectly competitive market, there is no asymmetric information and market frictions affect the future earnings of the average investment risk is different. 60s in the 20th century a large number of research workers on the market efficiency hypothesis was tested, Fama (1973) through empirical tests on the U.S. stock market, that the efficient market hypothesis holds, but many researchers found that in the market, There are many market efficiency hypothesis or CAPM model can not explain the abnormal phenomenon. For example, Basu (1977) found that the average earnings assets, in addition to the β coefficient of the CAPM, but also with the price earnings ratio of assets (P / E ratio) is related to the same β coefficient, the higher the price earnings ratio stocks (growth stocks) better than the market price of the low price earnings ratio of stocks (value stocks); Benz (1981) found that the market price of the stock with the size of the listed company; Stattman (1980) found that stock prices and the ratio of book value (P / B ratio) is also an important factor affecting stock prices. Fama and French (1993) On the basis of the above three-factor model proposed that the impact of asset prices in the β factors, joined the P / E ratio and P / B ratio factor. The interpretation of these anomalies, the efficient market hypothesis seems powerless, someone had tried the "January effect" to the end of Shuishou interpreted as the impact of outflow, but in the United Kingdom, Australia, the annual revenue of the country is not in December, there are still "in January effect "can not be explained. Some scholars from a psychological perspective to explain these anomalies, such as, Dreman (1982) the stock price P / E ratio effect interpreted as the investor always overestimate growth stocks with high growth, leading to market high P / E ratio of stock market was 。
4.金融学小论文英文
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5.金融学论文：华译网金融学论文翻译
华译网是金融学论文翻译翻译公司，在金融学论文翻译翻译方面非常专业，包括英译中和中译英金融学论文翻译翻译，华译网建立有严密的质量保证体系，以确保翻译质量，，他们的翻译价格质量是行业的标准价格，翻译的质量很高，是资深的翻译公司，华译网从建立以来得到了很多客户的称赞。
严格的译者选聘考核程序和科学的翻译业务流程共同构成华译网翻译公司完整的质量保证体系。1、译者选聘和考核程序严格的译者选聘和考核程序是我们提供高水平翻译服务的基础。
长期以来一贯注重人才的挖掘与培养，至今已积累起了一大批卓越杰出的翻译及管理精英。华译网翻译公司的专兼职高级翻译，大多是来自清华北大等著名高等学府的教授、各大科研机构的专家、各大部委的资深翻译和顶尖大学的博士硕士等高素质人才。
所有这些专兼职翻译都从社会公开招聘，由高级翻译、译审、外籍专家实行层层筛选、试译、面试，达到我们的要求才进行录用。 多年的翻译实践和管理经验使我们深知，译者的翻译质量不仅取决于译员的语言知识和技巧，而且同样依赖于他们的专业技术知识鉴于此，我们制定了一套独特的译员评审和录用标准：（1）必须具有很高的外文水平，可以熟练运用至少一门外语；（2）具备很深的中文功底，中文表达能力较强；（3）必须具备某一领域的专业背景并获得相应专业学位，受过相关专业技术培训，在该领域具有丰富的工作经验；（4）每个译员必须具有三年以上专兼职翻译经验。
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6.求论文外文翻译（金融专业人士进,谢绝电脑翻译）
Restraint accepting Chang Yang county County economic development level and oneself area characteristic for a long time,lack finances , investment and financing restrain the major factor becoming the economic growth affecting the person. The article investment and financing channel with regard to Chang Yang county County has carried out analysis , has listed and the problem that Chang Yang county County there exists in investment and financing at present, specifically for whose have problem has brought forward the method structuring the investment and financing channel diversification combining with Chang Yang county County self's characteristic. The countermeasure broadening the Chang Yang county County investment and financing channel and the investment and financing way being innovative is included: Hang building investment and financing platform; Policy financial system being innovative; Perfect commercial banking serves system; Issue the local government bond; Build agricultural industrialization investment funds waiting.
文章有些长、、望认真看完、、标准人工翻译、、希望可以帮助你、、
7.金融毕业论文的中文摘要翻译成英文摘要,谢谢
Abstract:The real estate class loan has become a most important founds of a bank; its loan quality will have the profound influence to banking industry's profit and the risk condition. Our country real estate market financing by bank indirect financing primarily, the market risk concentrates excessively in the bank system, take the Guiyang Jinyang newly developed area for example, its real estate market superheat, the house price increase scope is big, has certain market risk; The fluidity too much accumulated the more and more many real estate froth; “False mortgage” and so on operation risk also wide range existences; Moreover, continues the interest on futures 2006 to 2007 to cause the home-buyer each month of payment pressure to increase causes individual violation risk rise, but in 2008 because loan crisis affect, the central bank reduces the interest rate continuously, although is advantageous in the jinyang newly developed area real estate market changes for the better, but this international financial crisis brings the indefinite influence is still unoptimistic.We should adopt the measure suppression credit impulse, the standard loan behavior; the perfect internal control strengthens exterior supervising and managing; and uses the financial innovation dispersible bank risk. Key words: Jinyang newly developed area real estate market housing mortgage loan risk guard finance innovation。
8.金融论文摘要翻译
The formation of financial market has approximately 400-year history. Finance is the core of modern market economy, and the financial markent is the important part of the modern market system. This paper highlights the develoment trend of the international financial market and the main problems of the Chinese financial market, and proposes relevant measures to them according to the realities in China。
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