安全工程毕业论文外文翻译

1.急求一篇土木工程毕业论文英文文献及翻译,不少于3000个单词

Research on the construction safety management of Civil Engineering In recent years, the construction accident in civil engineering in our country often occur. This not only caused casualties, also caused great loss of national property, and resulting in a very bad social influence. Therefore, in our country, the construction units in the civil engineering construction projects, shouldstrengthen the construction safety management, all aspects ofsecurity control for engineering, to prevent dangerous accidentsin the end it all. The cause of the civil engineering constructionaccidents are in many aspects. In order to enhance security,should be combined with the characteristics of construction projects and the enterprise's internal and external conditions, the rational allocation of production factors, optimization of management process. In order to realize the construction safetymanagement, construction units should establish a safety management system of a project, it should be carried out from the following aspects:A construction safety consciousness, cultivate the modern safety science theory, occurrence of unsafe human behavior causedcasualties. To implement safety management, it should becombined with psychology, behavioral science to strengthen the education and training of employees in production safety,improve the consciousness of safe production, so as to guide the safety production behavior of employees. For the construction enterprises should strengthen safety awareness and educationproject personnel, developing the regular safety education to the construction personnel involved in the project, and to carry outsecurity work. Three level education to the new participate in the work of the operating personnel; often transform types of employees, should be safety training for new types of work, makeoperation personnel matters needing attention can be familiar with the safe operation of the. In order to make safe win support among the people, enterprisemanagement personnel but also in engineering project, using a variety of promotional tools to start a variety of education,cultivate the construction personnel safety consciousness. Andin the management of enterprises, the production safety systemthought to. Leaders at all levels and enterprises in issuing the project production task, should also carry out safety productionmeasures. Such as the production safety requirements to the construction personnel, so conducive to safe thought into the production of management, let each employee has consciously in the psychological sense of security.Two, the establishment of management system for safety in production in addition to strengthen production safety education and awareness of construction project staff, should alsoestablish a safety management system, protect the system from the construction enterprise safety in production of. In order toavoid the frequent occurrence of sudden accident, the construction enterprise should according to the project, to develop a comprehensive, the system of safety management,and invest the necessary manpower and funds to ensure the implementation of the project. Ensure the production safetyconstruction from the system implementation, the project section of construction enterprises should establish the safety inspectionsystem, and regularly to the project construction of the security check. Make a clear record of project construction process,record the dangerous post, and regularly check the work. Self evaluation and construction team every week to organize asafety activities, the project department to make regular safetyevaluation for project production. Construction enterprises in theconstruction of civil engineering, in order to establish a safety management system, need to make corresponding technical measures for safety management system, a standard for project.Therefore, the safety work of construction enterprise project technical measures should be prior to commencement of works.As for engineering and technical measures should be strict examination and approval, the approval before implementation. If the design changes during construction, corresponding safety technical measures should be coordinated with the adjustment,will follow. The safety technical measures enacted personnel andparticipation, should fully understand the project as the construction scheme, construction environment, the actualoperation has, and combined with relevant laws and regulations or the security policy to establish safety technical measures,which can ensure the safety 。

2.高分悬赏,关于煤矿（安全工程专业）通风方面毕业设计的外文翻译,

中文翻译： 浅析我国煤矿安全现状及对策 摘要： 在充分分析我国煤矿安全现状和所面临形势的基础上，提出了煤矿安全科技的发展方向，并指出了针对我国煤矿现有安全生产形势的对策 关键词： 煤矿安全，现状，形势，对策 1 我国煤矿安全生产的现状 目前我国的安全生产正在稳定中呈现好转态势，但形势依然严峻，事故多发的势头并没有得到遏制。

2009年，全国GDP达到33.54万亿元，同时也有8.97万人死于安全事故，不到4亿GDP就死亡一个人，全国每年因安全事故造成的经济损失高达3000亿元左右，约为全国GDP的近百分之一。 煤矿的安全形势更不容乐观，2009年的百万吨死亡率虽比2002年下降了8成，但仍达到0.892，这个数字是美国的近100倍，是波兰和南非的10倍。

1.1 煤矿自然条件差 灾害多 1.1.1 煤矿瓦斯大，煤与瓦斯突出越来越严重危险性增加 我国所有煤矿均为瓦斯矿井。在100个国有重点煤炭生产企业的609处矿井中，高瓦斯矿井占26.8%。

煤与瓦斯突出矿井占17.6%，低瓦斯矿井占55.6%。国有地方和乡镇煤矿中，高瓦斯矿井和煤与瓦斯突出矿井占15%左右。

部分局矿的情况更严重，如中平能化集团公司所属的13对矿井全部为高瓦斯或突出矿井，淮南煤业集团公司所属11对矿井均为突出矿井，随着开采深度的不断增加，瓦斯涌出量不断加大，煤与瓦斯突出危险也不断增加，高瓦斯突出矿井数量也在增加。 1.1.2 自然发火危险性严重，比例大覆盖面广 据统计，原国有重点煤矿中有自然发火危险的矿井占51.3%，自然发火危险矿井几乎在所有矿区都存在，因自然而造成煤炭资源的破坏，每年达数10亿元的经济损失。

1.1.3 冲击地压危险性增大，个别煤矿十分严重 据统计，1999年17处大型煤矿就发生1377次冲击，最大强度达到里氏4级。辽宁省抚顺矿业集团老虎台煤矿每年发生各类冲击地压4000多次，震级达一级以上的1000多次，2002年总次数达到了6127次（其中>三级21次），平均每天发生冲击地压十七次，严重威胁煤矿安全生产和城市的公共安全。

1.1.4 煤尘爆炸危险性普遍存在，危害性严重 我国煤尘具有爆炸性普遍存在。原国有重点煤矿有87.4%的矿井煤尘有爆炸危险，小煤矿中91.35%煤矿的煤尘具有爆炸危险性，其中高达57.71%的具有强爆炸性。

1.1.5 水文地质条件复杂，水害制约安全生产 我国大中型煤矿中，水文地质属于复杂或极其复杂的煤矿占25.04%。2006年至2009年，全国煤矿共发生水灾事故160余起，死亡近700人，占重特大事故死亡人数的比例仅次于瓦斯事故。

1.1.6 煤矿热害已成为矿井新的灾害 随着开采深度的增加，围岩温度提高，矿井热害问题越来越突出。据今年的资料统计，70处大中型生产井工煤矿的采掘面最高气温超过《煤矿安全规程》的要求，其中26处超过30摄氏度，最高达到37摄氏度。

1.2 煤矿数量多 大中小并存 差异大 我国煤矿数量多，超过世界上其他主要采煤国家的矿井总数，目前全国共有在建和改建矿井3955处，30万吨以下的小煤矿占82.9%其中3万吨以下的有562处。西南一些地区现有新建和改建扩建矿井平均单井能力仅为7万吨。

我国煤矿的生产能力分散，全国矿井平均资源回收率为45%左右，其中小煤矿仅为15%左右。目前大中小煤矿安全生产技术与装备水平低下，抗灾能力差，给安全管理带来困难。

1.3 矿井机械化程度低 安全技术装备不足 据统计，原国有重点煤矿的开采机械化程度75.43%，综采机械化程度59.42%，综合机械化程度15.03%。而原有国有地方煤矿和乡镇煤矿机械化程度普遍偏低，全国平均采煤机械化水平还不到40%。

现有煤矿多数矿的监控系统装备不全，尚未实现网络化管理，部分设备功能落后。44处自然发火危险地矿井，尚未建立防灭火系统。

66处矿井尚未建立防尘供水管路。不少的矿井没有安设防隔爆设施，即使配备了防隔爆设施的矿井，设置的数量少没达到安全规程的要求。

相当一部分国有重点煤矿的甲烷断电仪、光学甲烷检测仪、甲烷传感便携式甲烷检测仪等必备的安全仪器配备不足。有164处矿井50%以上的电气设备超期服役。

数量众多的小煤矿安全装备水平更低，有的根本不具备防御灾害的能力，多数小煤矿仍旧沿用落后淘汰的电气设备，电气防爆性能差，失爆率高。 1.4 煤矿从业人员结构复杂 管理落后 我国煤矿用人过多，农民轮换工等从业人员构成的煤炭生产一线主体，整体文化水平低，素质差，缺乏自我保护意识和能力。

许多企业又不进行岗前安全培训，违章作业现象严重。许多小煤矿的经营者没有基本的安全生产管理技术知识，不懂安全，不管安全，不顾安全。

根据调查，30万t以上的大中型煤矿中，初中以下文化程度占62.67%，大专以上的只占5.44%，高级工程技术人员占0.3%。30万t以下的小型煤矿中，中专以上职工平均每矿不到3人。

另有资料表明，在现代化的大型煤炭企业中，拥有大学本科以上学历的人数仅占职工总数的2.93%。 目前，我国煤矿的安全管理主要由管理人员凭主观意志和经验进行工作，管理技术和手段落后，这种管理模式，由于受管理人员的知识、经验和责任心的限制，很难适应矿井灾害事故的复杂条件，这也是煤矿灾。

3.英语翻译 毕业论文外文翻译 作者和来源

您好，很高兴为您解答翻译：

Yang-Byung Park, Jun-Su Yoo

Department of Industrial and Management Systems Engineering, College of Engineering,Kyung Hee University (Republic of Korea)

（大韩民国）韩国庆熙大学工程学院工业与管理系统工程专业 朴阳炳 柳俊洙

（柳和朴在朝鲜族都是大姓。）

满意请记得采纳~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

4.毕业论文外文翻译是什么意思

毕业论文外文翻译：将外文参考文献翻译成中文版本。

翻译要求：

1、选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。

2、选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章，可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。

3、外文翻译字数要求3000字以上，从外文文章起始处开始翻译，不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译，翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。

参考文献是在学术研究过程中，对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴.征引过的文献在注释中已注明，不再出现于文后参考文献中。外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的，并非中国的。

原文就是指原作品，原件，即作者所写作品所用的语言。如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。 译文就是翻译过来的文字，如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本，这个中文版本就称为译文 。

扩展资料：

外文翻译需要注意的问题

1、外文文献的出处不要翻译成中文，且写在中文译文的右上角（不是放在页眉处）；会议要求：名称、地点、年份、卷（期），等 。

2、作者姓名以及作者的工作单位也不用必须翻译。

3、abstract翻译成“摘要”，不要翻译成“文章摘要”等其他词语。

4、Key words翻译成“关键词” 。

5、introduction 翻译成“引言”（不是导言）。

6、各节的标号I、II等可以直接使用，不要再翻译成“第一部分”“第二部分”，等。 

7、注意排版格式，都是单排版，行距1.25，字号小4号，等（按照格式要求）。

8、里面的图可以拷贝粘贴，但要将图标、横纵指标的英文标注翻译成中文。 

9、里面的公式、表不可以拷贝粘贴，要自己重新录入、重新画表格。

5.求土木工程毕业外文翻译一篇

building types and design A building is closely bound up with people,for it provides with the necessary space to work and live in .As classified by their use ,buildings are mainly of two types :industrial buildings and civil buildings .industrial buildings are used by various factories or industrial production while civil buildings are those that are used by people for dwelling ,employment ,education and other social activities .Industrial buildings are factory buildings that are available for processing and manufacturing of various kinds ,in such fields as the mining industry ,the metallurgical industry ,machine building ,the chemical industry and the textile industry . factory buildings can be classified into two types single-story ones and multi-story ones .the construction of industrial buildings is the same as that of civil buildings .however ,industrial and civil buildings differ in the materials used and in the way they are used .Civil buildings are divided into two broad categories: residential buildings and public buildings .residential buildings should suit family life .each flat should consist of at least three necessary rooms : a living room ,a kitchen and a toilet .public buildings can be used in politics ,cultural activities ,administration work and other services ,such as schools, office buildings, parks ,hospitals ,shops ,stations ,theatres ,gymnasiums ,hotels ,exhibition halls ,bath pools ,and so on .all of them have different functions ,which in turn require different design types as well. Housing is the living quarters for human beings .the basic function of housing is to provide shelter from the elements ,but people today require much more that of their housing .a family moving into a new neighborhood will to know if the available housing meets its standards of safety ,health ,and comfort .a family will also ask how near the housing is to grain shops ,food markets ,schools ,stores ,the library ,a movie theater ,and the community center .In the mid-1960's a most important value in housing was sufficient space both inside and out .a majority of families preferred single-family homes on about half an acre of land ,which would provide space for spare-time activities .in highly industrialized countries ,many families preferred to live as far out as possible from the center of a metropolitan area ,even if the wage earners had to travel some distance to their work .quite a large number of families preferred country housing to suburban housing because their chief aim was to get far away from noise ,crowding ,and confusion .the accessibility of public transportation had ceased to be a decisive factor in housing because most workers drove their cars to work .people we're chiefly interested in the arrangement and size of rooms and the number of bedrooms .Before any of the building can begin ,plans have to be drawn to show what the building will be like ,the exact place in which it is to go and how everything is to be done.An important point in building design is the layout of rooms ,which should provide the greatest possible convenience in relation to the purposes for which they are intended .in a dwelling house ,the layout may be considered under three categories : “day”, “night” ,and “services” .attention must be paid to the provision of easy communication between these areas .the “day “rooms generally include a dining-room ,sitting-room and kitchen ,but other rooms ,such as a study ,may be added ,and there may be a hall .the living-room ,which is generally the largest ,often serves as a dining-room ,too ,or the kitchen may have a dining alcove .the “night “rooms consist of the bedrooms .the “services “comprise the kitchen ,bathrooms ,larder ,and water-closets .the kitchen and larder connect the services with the day rooms .It is also essential to consider the question of outlook from the various rooms ,and those most in use should preferably face south as possible .it is ,however ,often very difficult to meet the optimum requirements ,both on account of the surroundings and the location of the roads .in resolving these complex problems ,it is also necessary to follow the local town-planning regulations which are concerned with public amenities ,density of population ,height of buildings ,proportion of green space to dwellings ,building lines ,the general appearance of new properties in relation to the neighbourhood ,and so on .There is little standardization in industrial buildings although such buildings still need to comply with local town-planning regulations .the modern trend is towards light ,airy factory buildings .generally of reinforced concrete or metal construction ,a factory can be given a “shed ”type ridge roof ,。

6.求一篇土木工程毕业设计 外文资料翻译

1 基本要求1.1 毕业设计及计算书必须由学生本人独立完成，不得弄虚作假，不得抄袭他人成果。

1.2 计算书应计算正确，数据引用合理可靠，文字内容充实，层次分明，规范工整。1.3 毕业设计计算书中所使用的计量单位一律采用国际标准单位。

1.4 计算书中的图表应统一标号并注明 。2 内容要求2.1 标题 要求简洁、确切、鲜明，有概括性，并要求一人一题。

2.2 摘要 叙述本设计的主要内容、特点，文字要精练。同时有中英文对照，中文摘要约300-500汉字。

2.3 关键词 从说明书标题或正文中挑选3~5个最能表达主要内容的词作为关键词，分别附于中、英文摘要后。2.4 目录 目录应格式规范，标明页码。

2.5 正文 前言、本论、结论三个部分。（1）前言（引言） 本设计的目的、意义、范围及应达到的技术要求；阐述本设计的指导思想及应解决的主要问题。

（2）本论1建筑设计完成方案设计和建筑设计说明书，并绘制施工图。方案设计包括总平面布置，安排主入口、道路、消防车道及停车场、绿化和景点等。

建筑设计说明书包括：简要的建筑设计说明，如建筑性质、设计依据、建筑概况、建筑高程、总建筑面积、建筑类别、耐火等级、抗震设防烈度、墙体材料及厚度、玻璃厚度及颜色、门窗材料及颜色等。其它需说明的内容如方案的特点、设计构思、疏散组织、平面组合、建筑造型处理等。

2结构设计完成结构方案布置，进行结构计算，书写设计说明书并绘制施工图。在建筑方案的基础上，结合现行施工技术水平，进行结构方案设计，包括：确定结构体系，确定缝的划分确定施工方案进行结构布置，根据地质资料及上部结构形式确定基础形式及基础埋深，进行初步估算，确定结构构件尺寸。

详细书写计算说明书，内容包括：确定框架计算简图，荷载计算，荷载组合与内力组合，截面设计、节点区设计及构造设计，电算分析内力并与手算结果对比，地基与基础的设计和计算，自选构件的设计和计算：包括楼梯、雨棚、井式楼盖等。（3）结论 说明设计的完成情况和价值，分析其优点和特色、有何创新、达到何水平，对存在的问题和今后改进的方向予以阐明。

2.6 参考文献 毕业设计说明书末尾要列出在设计计算中参考过的专著、期刊论文及其他资料（15篇左右），所列参考文献应按论文参考或引证的先后顺序排列。注明引用文献的方式统一采用“文末注”的方式（以出现的先后次序编号，编号以方括号括起，放在右上角，如[1],[3~5]）。

参考文献采用国际通用的著录符号，如专著为[M] 、论文为[C]、期刊文章为[J]、学位论文为[D]、论文集论文为[A] ，外文书名及期刊名请用斜体字，若引用文章为电子文献，请注明网址及日期。

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