众文网1.求一篇土木工程 英文论文
Structural Systems to resist lateral loads
Commonly Used structural Systems
With loads measured in tens of thousands kips, there is little room in the design of high-rise buildings for excessively complex thoughts. Indeed, the better high-rise buildings carry the universal traits of simplicity of thought and clarity of expression.
It does not follow that there is no room for grand thoughts. Indeed, it is with such grand thoughts that the new family of high-rise buildings has evolved. Perhaps more important, the new concepts of but a few years ago have become commonplace in today' s technology.
Omitting some concepts that are related strictly to the materials of construction, the most commonly used structural systems used in high-rise buildings can be categorized as follows:
1. Moment-resisting frames.
2. Braced frames, including eccentrically braced frames.
3. Shear walls, including steel plate shear walls.
4. Tube-in-tube structures.
5. Tube-in-tube structures.
6. Core-interactive structures.
7. Cellular or bundled-tube systems.
2.土木工程方面的英文论文最好有翻译!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
这是一小段，看看行吧，行我就全传给你
Organization of this text
Civil engineering,the oldest of the engineering specialties,is the planning,design,construction, and management of the built environment.This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles,from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities.
土木工程，最老的工程专业，是建筑环境的规划、设计、施工和管理。这个环境包括从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施的所有根据科学原理建造的结构物。
Civil engineers build roads,bridges,tunnels,dams,harbors,power plants,water and sewage systems,hospitals,schools,mass transit,and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations.
土木工程师修建道路、桥梁、隧道、大坝、港口、发电站、水系统和污水系统，医院、学校、公共交通系统，以及现代化社会和大量人口集中的地方所必需的其他公共设施。
Civil engineering and civil engineers
They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads,pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial,commercial, or residential use.
他们也修建私人拥有的设施，如机场、铁路、水渠、高楼大厦，和为工业、商业、民用设计的其他大型建筑。
3.求一篇商务英语论文(土木英语论文也行) 1000
一般商务英语论文都在4000字以上，提供你一一部分，供参考。
你可加发邮件至John200506@126.com 请求发送，我传给你。 Pragmatic Functions of Hedging in International Business English[Abstract] The fuzzy language is the ubiquitous language phenomenon in the human language socializing while the fuzzy rhetoric is one kind of art, which effectively utilizes the language fuzziness to enhance the expression effect. This article probes into the language from the angle to the fuzzy language and the fuzzy rhetoric, mainly analyses the basic characteristics of the fuzzy linguistics, the reasons, the linguistic functions as well as the fuzzy rhetoric effect in the international commercial language, and indicates the fuzziness of the international business language and the importance of the fuzzy rhetoric effect in actual commercial intercommunication. Subsequently, it holds that the better understanding of the fuzzy language phenomenon in commercial English with its linguistic function and the fuzzy rhetoric effect, the more appropriate handling for the fuzzy language, the better commercial intercommunication effect achieved. [Key words] fuzzy language; international commercial English: the linguistic function; fuzzy rhetoric; commercial and precise are the basic attributes of the human language. The language not only has the accuracy, also has its fuzziness, they are indispensable and both complement one another. Just like English linguist Jones said: "We all (including those pursuing precise and unmistakable persons) in speaking and writing use the terminology and the principle not precisely, indefinitely, with the difficulty to give their definition, this certainly does not hinder the extremely useful of the word we use, moreover it is essential, as the human has the general knowledge (direct feeling, intuition), usually people use the imprecise expression method and the terminology with the difficulty to give its definition, but they still mutually understood." ⑴The business language is the human language used in the commercial situations, thus, it similarly has these attributes. One important characteristic of international commercial English is clarity, namely in the written commerce correspondence and the contract or carrying on commercial negotiations and so on we should avoid using the ambiguous or interpretation languages to avoid inconvenient and misunderstanding in the commercial activities. However, in the actual commercial intercommunications, the business language has its fuzziness.1. Fuzzy language Language fuzziness actually reflects many transition phenomena existed in the objective reality. American philosopher Max Black said that, "The word fuzziness symbol is the limited scope which the word utilizes without clear boundary." ⑵ In other words, word fuzziness displays that it has the application-enclosed area, but this region boundary is not explicit. Lakoff explains hedges as " words and expressions made things fuzzy " are the most common, the most typical fuzzy language.⒀ As far as the substantiality concerned, the language itself is not quantification fuzzy set; it has the immateriality shape and the non-intuitionistic dim characteristics. The fuzzy language uses in the certain linguistic environment and the situation, it may play the unique role, the fuzzy language information on the surface seems fuzzy, but it substantially and relatively accurately expresses the complex emotion, the spoken motive or the latent consciousness; it relatively objectively rigorously expresses some kind of observation, the viewpoint, the forecast or the theory, thus it implicitly expresses the real thought and the innermost world, or it provides the logical, correct and reliable information.Language fuzziness is different to the ambiguity (different meanings) or thickness of language, “ambiguity or ambivalence" refers to the language mark sequence of the identical form to express two or above different significances, the unconscious result produced in the language use process, it may be eliminated. “Thickness” refers to something originally should be said clearly has not been said clearly, often refers to the negative results produced by improperly using of the language, a phenomenon which must be avoided as far as possible. "Fuzzy" refers to a kind of indefiniteness, which the central meaning of words and expressions in the language is clear about, but the scope boundary of the words and expressions is indefinite ⑶. This indefiniteness or fuzziness usually cannot or needlessly be removed through the context; it was determined by the fuzziness of t。
4.本人土木专业,做毕业设计时有一篇外国土木文献需要翻译,高分求高
Compressive behavior of concrete externally confined bycomposite jackets. 外部复合护套约束的混凝土压缩性Part A: experimental study Part A： 实验性研究This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation concerning the compressive behavior of concrete short columns externally confined by carbon and E-glass FRP jackets. The influences of different parameters such as the confinement level, the mechanical properties of the jackets and the compressive strength of the concrete core were studied. The results show that external confinement can significantly improve the ultimate strength and ductility of the specimens. The stress–strain response of confined concrete is bilinear: in the first linear zone, the behaviors of plain and confined concrete specimens are similar, whereas in the second pseudo-plastic branch, the behavior of confined concrete depends mainly on the jacket mechanicals properties. Test results demonstrate that the second part of (plastic) the stress–strain response depends on the jacket stiffness and that the ultimate strength of the jacket and the concrete strength are the most influential factors affecting the ultimate strength and strain of the confined concrete. Also, the study indicates that the confinement efficiency falls when the compressive strength of the concrete core increases.本篇论文阐述了有关于外部多重碳纤维和无碱玻璃纤维增强塑料紧箍护套的短柱混凝土压缩性试验研究结果。
研究表明对其压缩性影响的因素有如约束层数，护套的力学特征，以及混凝土核心的抗压强度。研究结果发现试样的外部约束复合层对其极限强度和延伸性有显著提高。
约束型混凝土的应力应变结果具有双线性特征：在一线区域，平面性能与约束型混领土压缩性试样相似，但是在第二伪塑性分叉区。约束型混凝土压缩性主要是靠复合层的力学性能支持。
测试结果表明了第二部分（塑料）的反应主要是由护套的钢度支持，护套的极限强度以及混凝土的强度对约束型混凝土的极限强度和极限应变度影响因素最大。研究还发现约束效应在混凝土核心的抗压力上升后会降低。
Keywords: Confined concrete; FRP jackets; HPC关键词：约束型混凝土 FRP护套 HPC。
5.求土木工程专业论文,英语的（有翻译的更好）
building types and design A building is closely bound up with people,for it provides with the necessary space to work and live in .As classified by their use ,buildings are mainly of two types :industrial buildings and civil buildings .industrial buildings are used by various factories or industrial production while civil buildings are those that are used by people for dwelling ,employment ,education and other social activities .Industrial buildings are factory buildings that are available for processing and manufacturing of various kinds ,in such fields as the mining industry ,the metallurgical industry ,machine building ,the chemical industry and the textile industry . factory buildings can be classified into two types single-story ones and multi-story ones .the construction of industrial buildings is the same as that of civil buildings .however ,industrial and civil buildings differ in the materials used and in the way they are used .Civil buildings are divided into two broad categories: residential buildings and public buildings .residential buildings should suit family life .each flat should consist of at least three necessary rooms : a living room ,a kitchen and a toilet .public buildings can be used in politics ,cultural activities ,administration work and other services ,such as schools, office buildings, parks ,hospitals ,shops ,stations ,theatres ,gymnasiums ,hotels ,exhibition halls ,bath pools ,and so on .all of them have different functions ,which in turn require different design types as well. Housing is the living quarters for human beings .the basic function of housing is to provide shelter from the elements ,but people today require much more that of their housing .a family moving into a new neighborhood will to know if the available housing meets its standards of safety ,health ,and comfort .a family will also ask how near the housing is to grain shops ,food markets ,schools ,stores ,the library ,a movie theater ,and the community center .In the mid-1960's a most important value in housing was sufficient space both inside and out .a majority of families preferred single-family homes on about half an acre of land ,which would provide space for spare-time activities .in highly industrialized countries ,many families preferred to live as far out as possible from the center of a metropolitan area ,even if the wage earners had to travel some distance to their work .quite a large number of families preferred country housing to suburban housing because their chief aim was to get far away from noise ,crowding ,and confusion .the accessibility of public transportation had ceased to be a decisive factor in housing because most workers drove their cars to work .people we're chiefly interested in the arrangement and size of rooms and the number of bedrooms .Before any of the building can begin ,plans have to be drawn to show what the building will be like ,the exact place in which it is to go and how everything is to be done.An important point in building design is the layout of rooms ,which should provide the greatest possible convenience in relation to the purposes for which they are intended .in a dwelling house ,the layout may be considered under three categories : “day”, “night” ,and “services” .attention must be paid to the provision of easy communication between these areas .the “day “rooms generally include a dining-room ,sitting-room and kitchen ,but other rooms ,such as a study ,may be added ,and there may be a hall .the living-room ,which is generally the largest ,often serves as a dining-room ,too ,or the kitchen may have a dining alcove .the “night “rooms consist of the bedrooms .the “services “comprise the kitchen ,bathrooms ,larder ,and water-closets .the kitchen and larder connect the services with the day rooms .It is also essential to consider the question of outlook from the various rooms ,and those most in use should preferably face south as possible .it is ,however ,often very difficult to meet the optimum requirements ,both on account of the surroundings and the location of the roads .in resolving these complex problems ,it is also necessary to follow the local town-planning regulations which are concerned with public amenities ,density of population ,height of buildings ,proportion of green space to dwellings ,building lines ,the general appearance of new properties in relation to the neighbourhood ,and so on .There is little standardization in industrial buildings although such buildings still need to comply with local town-planning regulations .the modern trend is towards light ,airy factory buildings .generally of reinforced concrete or metal construction ,a factory can be given a “shed ”type ridge roof ,。
6.求一篇土木工程专业英语论文
How to do a good job in a construction technician Technician at the site of the stem what? A four study of civil engineering students apply to our unit, they have great faith at the same time he is very practical, told me a lot of lofty ideals and aspirations of euphemism also speaks of the pay slightly dissatisfied, I tell them: do our own work, if you want to eat the rice bowl, it should static next hearts come, much to see, ask, how long a heart, you can put this experience as a springboard, but can't put the work seriously. Allows you to understand, but you're not allowed to do not understand to ask, since the master piece. Ask me a technician at the site to do something, I tell him : actinomycosis, material plan, write technical disclosure, approach material sampling, field quality check, concealed information filling, reinforced material list verification, template size and elevation inspection, but a start as long as with complete foreman foreman tasks on the line. First line, full-time surveyor of the main line, set the control point elevation after, technicians to master the hanging pendant basic skills, can not always rely on the theodolite, it is neither possible nor practical, a residential and office building located on line more simple, industrial plant will be more complex. On line measurement to eliminate small feet foot foot volume down, lest error accumulation. In addition, two large height difference, general quantity slant distance, height measurement points with Pythagorean theorem and error calculation usually much smaller. Remember, when measuring the teacher several points: first, after the overall detail; often review, a step forward work did not review the next step can not be measured by checking step by step. Measurement line during construction is especially important, a little bit of your carelessness will cause great economic loss. Now in the construction site of the measurement line, not like in school internship distance measurement with front ruler, a ruler, after reading, records that regularly, often is the foreman and technician two people went to the line, then the scene to shout a worker to help, this is not suitable, you not for the project manager is equipped with sufficient professional personnel with you, but you must be careful, former ruler ruler later run back. The site to the elevation is generally technician thing, you see level, help the ruler is not necessarily who, to the attention of tower ruler and pitch on observations of great influence, and another is the tower ruler of point non professional people is also a good master, if you don't repeated reiteration, bad 3 ~ 5 mm is not a bit strange. Another saying is the site spread, though not completely right, but can be done to measure self protection:" magic triangle to small, line should be rough", meaning to give the red triangle elevation not drawn too big, playing the line when the line to be a little rough. Oh, what do you mean to go on her own. As the site technician, level, theodolite, fountain, line and sinker operation must be skilled Besides the material planning, regardless of whether the proposed budget as a technician, you must yourself to calculate again, you count the actual amount, do not look at the content of budget quota, quota is the comprehensive engineering category system, some quota sub-item content in actual construction could not use, some is not enough, such as ceramic tile marble, design a given size, you can actually row once included the need to cut brick half brick number, as long as you will, you can put the number of very accurate. Such a construction site to check you will have a well-thought-out plan, might find problems. Now reinforced design generally use 03G101 atlas, has just learned of reinforced concrete course than others, should be familiar with fast, mention of reinforced materials, attention should be paid to the amount of reinforced bar joint. If you set the concrete mixer, concrete according to the general budget of withholding, the proportioning of concrete single came out, according to the actual per cubic dosage adjustment, sand, stone, 0.5 cubic meters per cubic press per cubic 1 cubic plan. Talk about the writing of technical disclosure, in general, technical disclosure is more common transcription, copy code, can guide the construction is not much. My experience is that the construction process, construction steps do not know when or how copy some specifications, can let others say your explanation is the straitjacket, guidance not specific construction, but better than to let others see that you do not understand, say you speak the foreign language. Another reason is that technology is going to hand 。
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