众文网1.商务英语毕业论文范文
英语饮料广告中的语用预设研究 字数：4962.页数：17 论文编号：YY217 AbstractAdvertising language has received a thorough study from different aspects. With the development of linguistics, the studies on advertising language are inclined to the relationship between language and context. In this case, pragmatic presupposition appears to be the very tool for its sensitive nature to context. In addition, common ground and appropriateness of pragmatic presupposition also make great contribution to the concise and economical advertisement. However, other properties like one-sidedness, subjectivity and latency are equally noticed. Proper exploitation of these features may develop useful market strategies. Therefore, it is of great significance to study advertising language from pragmatic presupposition perspective.The thesis focuses on the phenomenon of pragmatic presupposition in English advertisement for beverage. Based on the foundational theory, the classifications and functions of pragmatic presupposition are exposed by qualitative study method. Meanwhile, a case study is conducted to tentatively explore the distribution and frequency of each type by quantitative analysis. Research findings show that pragmatic presupposition occurs in 94% of the collected 100 drinks advertisements; the state presupposition accounts for the largest percentage (40%) among all five classifications , followed by belief presupposition, behavior presupposition, existential presupposition and fact presupposition, for 22%, 14%, 13%, 5% respectively.Key Words: advertising language pragmatic presupposition function classifications description 摘要广告语言的研究一直以来都备受各个领域学者们的青睐。
在语言学领域，语言学的发展使得广告语言的研究逐渐趋向于语言与语境的关系的研究。于是，对语境敏感的语用预设便成为了分析广告语言的理想工具。
语用预设的共知性和合适性简化了广告的语言，节省了广告的费用。另外，语用预设本身还具有单向性、主观性和隐蔽性。
巧妙运用这些特征可以衍生出有效的广告撰写策略。因此，从语用预设的视角研究广告语言是很有意义的。
本文主要致力于研究英文饮料广告语言的语用预设现象。作者以语用预设作为研究基本理论，结合定性研究和定量研究方法，通过分析语用预设在饮料广告中的类型和功能，同时对各预设类型在英文广告中的分布和出现频率也进行调查研究，力图探讨语用预设在英文饮料广告中运用的深度和广度。
调查结果发现：语用预设在英文饮料广告中的运用程度极高，在收集的100条广告语中呈现出94%的高频率。与此同时，状态预设在五种语用预设类型中出现的频率最高，达到40%。
其余的信仰预设、行为预设、存在预设和事实预设分别占22%、14%、13%和5%。 关键词：广告语 语用预设 功能 分类描写 目录Abstract 。
..1摘要。
.2Chapter 1 Introduction。
3Chapter 2 Literature Review 。
.42.1 Previous studies on pragmatic presupposition abroad 。
42.2 Previous studies on pragmatic presupposition at home。
.. 5Chapter 3 Theoretical Foundations。
..63.1 The definitions of pragmatic presupposition 。
..63.2 The characteristics of pragmatic presupposition。
. 73.2.2 Subjectivity。
..73.2.3 Latency 。
73.3 The classifications of pragmatic presupposition in print advertisement language 83.3.1 Existential presupposition 。
83.3.2 Fact presupposition。
. 83.3.3 State presupposition。
.93.3.4 Belief alue presupposition。
93.3.5 Behavior presupposition。
103.4 Functions of pragmatic presupposition in drink advertisement language。
103.4.1 Concise function。
.103.4.2 Euphemism function 。
.113.4.3 Persuasive function 。
11Chapter 4 Case Study。
114.1 Research aims 。
..114.2 Data collection。
.124.3 Data analysis 。
..124.3.1 Statistic numbers 。
..124.3.2 Analysis findings。
14Chapter 5 Conclusion 。
..155.1 General summary 。
155.2 Limitations of present study 。
..。
2.商务英语专业毕业论文
我有几个已经做过的课题，是发表在杂志上的题目，有PDF格式的资料，只供参考，其实你可以在已经做过的基础上拓展，或者问导师的意见
<<；试从标记理论视角解析商务英语语言特征>>
跨文化因素与商务英语翻译的准确性
商务英语培训中跨文化语用能力的培养
商务英语专业毕业论文选题一览表
1、商务英语谈判的文化差异
2、商务英语信函的用语特征分析
3、如何对付英语阅读材料中的生词
4、公共场所标语英译调查
5、论信用证软条款的防犯与化解
6、论商务礼仪在商务活动中的重要性
7、商务书信开头语的研究
8、论普通词汇在商务英语中的语义分析
9、商务英语谈判中的礼貌策略研究
10、英文报刊语言特色
11、商务英语在中国加入WTO后的新趋势
12、论商务英语广告语言的特征与表达
13、商务英语专业学生必备的口语能力
14、商务写作中的语气分析
15、商务谈判技巧之我见
16、外资企业外语人才素质现状及要求
17、论国际贸易中英语的作用
18、英语学习从“说”开始
19、商务英语专业毕业生就业岗位之探讨
20、浅析英语语言交际能力培养途径
21、商务英语词汇的特征分析及翻译策略
22、如何处理精读和泛读的关系
23、中国特色词汇及其英译
24、商务英语教学中英语知识与商务知识的关系
25、高职生英语自主学习能力的培养
26、如何提高英语交际能力
27、商务英语学习策略及分析
28、浅谈对信用证的审核
29、虚拟语气与商务英语表达
30、商标名称的翻译与策略
以上只是提供参考
可以 是一个课题得拓展
写论文关键还得看自己哟
3.给一篇2000以上商务英语毕业论文
The Impact of Enterprise Resource Planning Systems on Management Accounting: An Australian Study Abstract Information technology is significantly changing the operating practices of an increasing number of companies globally. These developments have important implications for the accounting profession and in particular accounting practices in the twenty-first century. This study examines the development of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems as a means of illustrating how changes in information technology allows all systems in a company to be linked to manage operations holistically. The study investigates the change in accounting systems using a sample of Australian companies with emphasis on the adoption of ERP systems including the potential impact of ERP on capital budgeting processes. The results show that ERP systems are changing management accounting practices, although at this stage, the impact on capital budgeting techniques appears to be limited. The findings contribute to the emerging body of literature on the development of ERP systems and its impact on management accounting teaching and research. Key words: Management accounting, capital budgeting, enterprise resource planning systems, information technology. 1. Introduction During the past decade an increasing number of companies have been impacted by information technology in terms of computerized transaction processing and electronic telecommunications such as that done with the Internet, intranet, and extranet. For competitive reasons, companies have had to change from manual and then mainframe systems to what has been called enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. An ERP system has a common database or data warehouse that links together all systems in all parts of a company including, for example, capital budgeting with financial, control, manufacturing, sales, fixed assets, inventory, human resources modules, etc. An ERP system, by linking all systems through a data warehouse, allows a company to manage its operations holistically. A second impact of ERP systems has been a general shift to manage at the activity level rather than at the more abstract level of financial transactions. This means that management accounting, with its focus on activities, can be most effective when it is used with ERP systems to incorporate the activity level for costing and performance measurement. To be effective an ERP system will contain an extensive chart of accounts or codes for activities such as accurate recording and tracking of activities, revenues and costs. The coding incorporates stable entities of a business, such as divisions, plants, stores, and warehouses. At a detailed level there are codes for functions such as finance, production, sales, marketing, and materials management. There are also the traditional financial account codes such as assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses, and the central ERP feature of coding processes, activities, and sub-activities. There must be consistent coding among all parts of a company in order for them to relate to one another. As the ERP system incorporates activities in terms of quantities of resources, including labour, a record of resource use is maintained. Therefore, performance can be measured in physical terms and compared to standards, which allows for the calculation of variances. This performance measurement at the activity level serves as a feedback system on efficiency and effectiveness. The confusion from abstract monetary measures is erased, and what is actually happening with the conversion of resources into goods and services can be seen. ERP systems have the potential to change management ccounting systems with more detailed, more integrated, and faster produced information. To date the research on the impact of ERP systems on management accounting can best be described as preliminary. It has involved case studies of one or two companies at a time and some field studies. The findings from these studies have been largely anecdotal. Also, some have been deductive in that arguments based on ERP attributes have been made on how management accounting should be affected. For instance, in a field study, Cook et al. (2000) described activity-based capital budgeting at a division of a US telecommunications company. The findings from Cook et al.'s field work suggests that ERP systems can increase the effectiveness of capital budgeting by anchoring financial numbers to activities rather than stopping at monetary measures with pre-ERP practices. The 。
4.商务英语毕业论文范文
英语饮料广告中的语用预设研究 字数：4962.页数：17 论文编号：YY217 Abstract Advertising language has received a thorough study from different aspects. With the development of linguistics, the studies on advertising language are inclined to the relationship between language and context. In this case, pragmatic presupposition appears to be the very tool for its sensitive nature to context. In addition, common ground and appropriateness of pragmatic presupposition also make great contribution to the concise and economical advertisement. However, other properties like one-sidedness, subjectivity and latency are equally noticed. Proper exploitation of these features may develop useful market strategies. Therefore, it is of great significance to study advertising language from pragmatic presupposition perspective. The thesis focuses on the phenomenon of pragmatic presupposition in English advertisement for beverage. Based on the foundational theory, the classifications and functions of pragmatic presupposition are exposed by qualitative study method. Meanwhile, a case study is conducted to tentatively explore the distribution and frequency of each type by quantitative analysis. Research findings show that pragmatic presupposition occurs in 94% of the collected 100 drinks advertisements; the state presupposition accounts for the largest percentage (40%) among all five classifications , followed by belief presupposition, behavior presupposition, existential presupposition and fact presupposition, for 22%, 14%, 13%, 5% respectively. Key Words: advertising language pragmatic presupposition function classifications description 摘要 广告语言的研究一直以来都备受各个领域学者们的青睐。
在语言学领域，语言学的发展使得广告语言的研究逐渐趋向于语言与语境的关系的研究。于是，对语境敏感的语用预设便成为了分析广告语言的理想工具。
语用预设的共知性和合适性简化了广告的语言，节省了广告的费用。另外，语用预设本身还具有单向性、主观性和隐蔽性。
巧妙运用这些特征可以衍生出有效的广告撰写策略。因此，从语用预设的视角研究广告语言是很有意义的。
本文主要致力于研究英文饮料广告语言的语用预设现象。作者以语用预设作为研究基本理论，结合定性研究和定量研究方法，通过分析语用预设在饮料广告中的类型和功能，同时对各预设类型在英文广告中的分布和出现频率也进行调查研究，力图探讨语用预设在英文饮料广告中运用的深度和广度。
调查结果发现：语用预设在英文饮料广告中的运用程度极高，在收集的100条广告语中呈现出94%的高频率。与此同时，状态预设在五种语用预设类型中出现的频率最高，达到40%。
其余的信仰预设、行为预设、存在预设和事实预设分别占22%、14%、13%和5%。 关键词：广告语 语用预设 功能 分类描写 目录 Abstract 。
..1 摘要。
.2 Chapter 1 Introduction。
3 Chapter 2 Literature Review 。
.4 2.1 Previous studies on pragmatic presupposition abroad 。
4 2.2 Previous studies on pragmatic presupposition at home。
.. 5 Chapter 3 Theoretical Foundations。
..6 3.1 The definitions of pragmatic presupposition 。
..6 3.2 The characteristics of pragmatic presupposition。
. 7 3.2.2 Subjectivity。
..7 3.2.3 Latency 。
7 3.3 The classifications of pragmatic presupposition in print advertisement language 8 3.3.1 Existential presupposition 。
8 3.3.2 Fact presupposition。
. 8 3.3.3 State presupposition。
.9 3.3.4 Belief alue presupposition。
9 3.3.5 Behavior presupposition。
10 3.4 Functions of pragmatic presupposition in drink advertisement language。
10 3.4.1 Concise function。
.10 3.4.2 Euphemism function 。
.11 3.4.3 Persuasive function 。
11 Chapter 4 Case Study。
11 4.1 Research aims 。
..11 4.2 Data collection。
.12 4.3 Data analysis 。
..12 4.3.1 Statistic numbers 。
..12 4.3.2 Analysis findings。
14 Chapter 5 Conclusion 。
..15 5.1 General summary 。
15 5.2 Limitations of present study 。
..。
5.商务英语的毕业论文
提供一些商务英语专业毕业论文的题目，供参考。
1. 《影响中国学生英语口语流利性的障碍研究》
2. 《跨文化交际中英语口语能力的培养》
3. 《商务英语的特点及翻译技巧》
4. 《商务英语函电在对外贸易中的作用》
5. 《单证员/报关员/跟单员等在国际贸易中的地位》
6. 《商务英语函电翻译技巧》
7. 《商务谈判中英语的重要性》
8. 《浅谈出口结汇风险的防范》
9. 《中国退税制度的改革及其影响》
10. 《商标名称的翻译与策略》
11. 《外贸企业信用风险管理与控制》
12. 《2007年外资银行在我国本土注册探讨》
13. 《我国利用国际贷款/国际援助现状分析》
14. 《WTO与我国反倾销探讨》
15. 《我国对外直接投资之现状》
16. 《内陆地区对外贸易发展策略研究》
17. 《中印两国两国对外贸易战略分析》
18. 《人民币升值对我国出口贸易的影响》
19. 《浅谈商务英语写作时避免修饰语错位的方法 》
20. 《商务函电翻译的用词技巧》
21. 《外商直接在华投资探讨》
22. 《社会文化迁移对中国式英语的影响》
23. 《我国外贸出口品牌战略的实施与研究》
24. 《商务英语专业口语课程教学探讨》
25. 《入世对我国农产品贸易的影响与对策研究》
26. 《应对经济全球化，加快我国企业跨国经营》
27. 《英语写作中常见中式英语分析》
28. 《入世商务英语写作的研究》
29. 《制单工作在国际结算中的地位》
30. 《关税壁垒与非关税壁垒探讨》
31. 《浅谈实质利益谈判法》
32. 《国际电子商务发展面临的新问题》
33. 《学生商务英语写作中的错误与商务英语写作教学之间的关系》
34. 《大学生在运用定语从句时常见错误及分析其原因》
35. 《跨国公司在华扩张模式透析》
36. 《汉译英中遇到新词语的译法问题》
37. 英汉互译中词义的不对应（文化意义、风格意义、修辞意义等）
38. 形象语在写作中的修辞效果
39. 形象语在英汉诗歌互译中处理手段上的差异
40. 我国中小企业开拓国际市场之探讨
41. "10+1"自由贸易区未来前景展望
42. 汉语中新词汇的翻译技巧
43. 商务英语的特征与翻译
44. 珠江三角洲外贸现状及存在的问题
45. 南昌现利用外资纵谈
46. 广州/深圳等地区三资企业结构分析
47. 浅谈广州等地区外贸企业的困境与出路
6.急求一篇商务英语毕业论文
金华外贸行业商务英语人才需求状况的调研 此份论文包括，任务书，论文，开题报告，调研表，论文字数：4702，页数：13 论文编号：YY207 【摘要】随着我国经济的迅速发展和国际交流日益增多，我国与世界的距离进一步缩小，对外经贸业务也呈现出前所未有的繁荣景象。
本课题主要针对近年来金华地区对商务英语专业人才需求状况，以金华等中心城市劳动力市场为研究对象，进行多角度的分析，并以此为基础，提出重点关注学生学习能力的培养和综合素质的教育；明确课程开发和专业建设与地方经济发展的关系；同时提出对商务英语专业有建设性的启示，以便给人才和企业同时带来更好的效益。Abstract: With the rapid development of economy in our country and frequent contacts between different countries, intercultural communication is getting more and more,which has further shortened the distance between China and the whole world, with an unprecedented prosperity appearing in the foreign trade business. This subject is mainly concerned with the situation of the demand for business development. With labor market in the key city like Jinhua as its research target, we make analysis from various angles, then based on that we put forward the idea of paying close attention to the development of students' learning ability and comprehensive quality, make clear the relation of course development and profession to local economy, and raise constructive inspiration for business English profession so that it can offer greater benefits to talents and enterprises. 【关键词】金华地区，商务英语，人才需求，综合素质Key words: Jinhua, business English, talent needs, overall quality Contents 1. A brief introduction of the present international situation and foreign trade company in Jinhua prefecture……………………………….…………………11.1 Social background…………………………………………………………………….11.2 An introduction of foreign trade in Jinhua。
..1 2. An investigation and analysis on commercial English professional demand……………………………..……………………………………………….22.1 An analysis of enterprises' need changes for professional personnel in recent years…………………………………………………………………………………32.2 An analysis of enterprises' need for personnel types and ability requirements……4 2.3 The current supply-demand situation of business English talents in Jinhua…………5 2.4 A research on quality requirements for graduates of business English………….6 3. A forecast on the development prospect and new requirement of foreign trade business………………………………………………………………………………74. Constructive inspiration for business English majors…………。
..84.1 The development of academic ability keeping pace with education of comprehensive quality………………………………………………………………………………..84.2 Course development, major reform and new major setting should keep pace with local economic development………………………………………………………。84.3 To pay attention the development of students' ability of using technology and crosswise developing…………………………。
.95. Concluding remarks…………………………………………………………。..10References…………………………。
………………………………………………….10 以上回答来自： /54/。
7.求一篇2000字的商务英语论文
The characteristics of the world top 500 enterprises and its enlightenment to Chinese enterprises A, the definition of us-funded enterprises in the world World us-funded enterprises that adopt diversified business, implement the strategy of globalization, assets, strong, has a large and strong, the core competitiveness of enterprises has significant influence on the development of world economy and stability of the world's leading multinational companies.Second, the world a us-funded enterprise features1) ability to innovate Everything in the world has a production, development and decline of life cycle.Enterprise as economic actors also undergoes a start-up period, rising period, height, decay time and ruin the life course.Enterprise is the key of the length of the life cycle after a start-up period, how to accelerate the rise period, prolong their heyday, the arrival of the postponed its decline period.Product life cycle relative to the enterprise life cycle is short, the enterprise must develop more innovative products of market value, one or several products meet after rising and heyday, when its not yet enter the decline phase, the other one or several products have reached the peak.So interlocking, bobo is connected, the enterprise will be endless.In 2004, in "fortune" the world "of the" top 500 enterprises in the 21st, annual revenues of $80.501 billion of Siemens to reveal a "longevity" enterprise: the secret of technology innovation.After more than a century and a half of the long journey, Siemens technology innovation constantly, constantly develop innovative products, always all is given priority to with invention of technology innovation in the work first, attaches great importance to scientific research and development work, and constantly put scientific research achievements into realistic productivity as soon as possible.Can say, Siemens is the birth and development of enterprises in technological innovation.Technology innovation has become a strong core of the enterprise values, become thick accumulation of enterprise culture, is the source of continuously improve enterprise core competitiveness.2) the implementation of the strategy of differentiation Differentiation strategy is the product or service provided by enterprises implement differentiation, to establish enterprise something unique in the industry, is to build enterprise core competitive ability.The implementation of differentiation strategy to make the enterprise the management in the industry competition superior and obtain higher returns.Positioning differentiation is to provide customers with unique product and industry competition is very different and super service, by customer requirement and enterprise competence of matching to determine the positioning of the enterprise, as the essence of the differentiation strategy.Porsche as Germany's small and medium-sized automobile company, in a wide variety of automotive industry, only choose sports as main products, with high and new technology to create excellent performance and is famous for its excellent quality, framed with a "technology" to harness the wisdom, roam the motorists customers.Thus formed the unique product positioning, unique customer orientation, unique price positioning, as well as to meet the needs of customers and constant innovation of technology, unique in the world of its own, as the world's largest special automobile manufacturing company, Germany's famous sports car production enterprises, become the model of implementing differentiation strategy.3) the brand advantage The world famous brand, refers to the world market with outstanding performance, get customer recognition and favor, have a huge effect, with a strong competitive advantage of product brand, trademark and trade name.As the world famous brand, must have the following characteristics: first, has the high international reputation.Second, has the very high international reputation.Third, has great economic value.Fourth, have a high degree of international market share and market globalization.Fifth, brand culture and product has a high degree of international integration.In an increasingly turbulent and changeable market economy, brand has become a winning customer loyalty and enterprise for long-term survival and growth of the key.In 2004, in "fortune" the world ranked 70th in the "top 500" enterprises, the annual business income is 48.318 billion dollars in unilever as the world's top consumer goods manufacturers, in the process of its development, has been successful for more than international brand acquisition operation, and good at would buy local 。
8.适合商务英语专业的毕业论文
The Impact of Enterprise Resource Planning Systems on Management Accounting: An Australian Study Abstract Information technology is significantly changing the operating practices of an increasing number of companies globally. These developments have important implications for the accounting profession and in particular accounting practices in the twenty-first century. This study examines the development of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems as a means of illustrating how changes in information technology allows all systems in a company to be linked to manage operations holistically. The study investigates the change in accounting systems using a sample of Australian companies with emphasis on the adoption of ERP systems including the potential impact of ERP on capital budgeting processes. The results show that ERP systems are changing management accounting practices, although at this stage, the impact on capital budgeting techniques appears to be limited. The findings contribute to the emerging body of literature on the development of ERP systems and its impact on management accounting teaching and research. Key words: Management accounting, capital budgeting, enterprise resource planning systems, information technology. 1. Introduction During the past decade an increasing number of companies have been impacted by information technology in terms of computerized transaction processing and electronic telecommunications such as that done with the Internet, intranet, and extranet. For competitive reasons, companies have had to change from manual and then mainframe systems to what has been called enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. An ERP system has a common database or data warehouse that links together all systems in all parts of a company including, for example, capital budgeting with financial, control, manufacturing, sales, fixed assets, inventory, human resources modules, etc. An ERP system, by linking all systems through a data warehouse, allows a company to manage its operations holistically. A second impact of ERP systems has been a general shift to manage at the activity level rather than at the more abstract level of financial transactions. This means that management accounting, with its focus on activities, can be most effective when it is used with ERP systems to incorporate the activity level for costing and performance measurement. To be effective an ERP system will contain an extensive chart of accounts or codes for activities such as accurate recording and tracking of activities, revenues and costs. The coding incorporates stable entities of a business, such as divisions, plants, stores, and warehouses. At a detailed level there are codes for functions such as finance, production, sales, marketing, and materials management. There are also the traditional financial account codes such as assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses, and the central ERP feature of coding processes, activities, and sub-activities. There must be consistent coding among all parts of a company in order for them to relate to one another. As the ERP system incorporates activities in terms of quantities of resources, including labour, a record of resource use is maintained. Therefore, performance can be measured in physical terms and compared to standards, which allows for the calculation of variances. This performance measurement at the activity level serves as a feedback system on efficiency and effectiveness. The confusion from abstract monetary measures is erased, and what is actually happening with the conversion of resources into goods and services can be seen. ERP systems have the potential to change management ccounting systems with more detailed, more integrated, and faster produced information. To date the research on the impact of ERP systems on management accounting can best be described as preliminary. It has involved case studies of one or two companies at a time and some field studies. The findings from these studies have been largely anecdotal. Also, some have been deductive in that arguments based on ERP attributes have been made on how management accounting should be affected. For instance, in a field study, Cook et al. (2000) described activity-based capital budgeting at a division of a US telecommunications company. The findings from Cook et al.'s field work suggests that ERP systems can increase the effectiveness of capital budgeting by anchoring financial numbers to activities rather than stopping at monetary measures with pre-ERP practices. The 。
9.求商务英语论文（英文论文）一篇
Derivatives, as financial instruments, have gained an increasingly important role to the financial status of big companies around the globe. Their importance can be primarily illustrated by the huge development of the derivatives exchange markets in the most developed countries, with banks usually being at the centre of trading of these powerful financial tools. The very essence of their importance lies to the fact that companies can use them to reduce uncertainty or risk that stems from entrepreneurial activities. Financial managers use derivatives to understand the risks that their firms are exposed to daily and thus are able to pursue higher returns, given the fact that higher returns impose higher risks. The management of high risks enables companies to reduce the danger of financial losses and in the same time achieve higher returns. The extended use of derivatives can also attribute further benefits to the financial position of firms by improving several other corporate actions like cheaper borrowing, tax planning and ensuring safer loan payback. However, derivatives' trading has been a cause for huge corporate losses for many companies, the financial management of which ignored the high risks involved in the use of those financial instruments. This essay will attempt to examine the ways in which companies can use derivatives to modify their financial position.A derivative (or derivative security) can be defined as a tradable asset whose intrinsic value depends on or derives from the value of an underlying asset (like shares or bonds), a commodity (like oil or gold) or an abstract measure (like interest rates or indexes). This dependency of the derivatives' value is the reason why they are also called contingent claims. This last definition of derivatives describes accurately their nature of being an exercisable right or obligation rather than a tradable good. This right or obligation is the exact legal contract that acquires value like a real asset, and therefore can be traded. People have implemented derivatives, as legal contracts, since ancient times, although their systematic use and trading began in the late nineteenth century. However, the past thirty years witnessed a massive growth in the volume of derivatives' trading. Nowadays, derivative markets account for a significant amount of the world financial exchange system, and their types and use keeps developing and adapting to the different financial needs of the various industries. Common types of derivatives are options, futures, forwards, forward rate agreements and swaps, while other less common types are caps, floors, exotic options, Over-The Counter (OTCs) and exchange-traded derivatives. A brief description of the most common derivatives is given below.An option is a contractual agreement that the gives the right and not the obligation in one party to buy or sell an underlying commodity or asset at a given price anytime during a pre-specified period of time. At the end of the pre-specified period this right can be exercised or not, according to the option's holder needs, thus the name of the derivative. If an option gives the buyer the right to purchase an asset (a number of shares for example) at a given price during a time period, this option is called call option. By the end of the period the right expires and after that date the option loses its value. On the contrary, if a similar contract gives the buyer the right to sell an asset (at an agreed price and up to a given date), it is then called put option. Call and Put options enable their holders to make profits, reducing the uncertainty of the future value of the underlying asset because they can be tradable at any time before the expiry date. If the underlying asset is a share index like FTSE 100, S&P 500 etc. then the purchased right is called index option.Futures are also contractual agreements between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a specific time and a pre-specified price. However, a future represents an obligation, not a right, to proceed in the specific transaction, thus neither of the two parties can back away once the agreement is made (or the future is purchased). Thus a holder of a future buys the obligation of the other party and not the right, as in options. However, futures are tradable derivatives and are exchanged in a regulated market, like options. This characteristic allows their holders to change their position, according to the change of the underlying asset value through time before the date of the contracted transaction. However, they are very standardised and so they might not be very attractive to companies with specific financial needs. A future having as 。
10.商务英语专业的毕业论文应该写哪些方面的
商务英语语用失误及其文化解读摘要：商务英语写作是一种跨文化交际技能。
一些作者写作时往往参照汉语商务文化及语用规则进行思维表达，造成不同程度的语用失误，影响国际商务活动的正常开展。本文从中英文化视角对部分商务英语语用失误作对比分析，认为商务英语信函写作教学不能与商务文化脱节，既要教会学生掌握英语表达技能，还要教会他们掌握商务英语的文化内涵及其语用规则，才能使学生胜任跨文化商务英语沟通工作。
关键词：商务写作；语用失误；跨文化交际 一般人认为，只要掌握好商务英语专业知识和基本写作技巧，就能够完全胜任涉外商务工作。其实事情并非如此简单。
如果作者不了解英汉商务文化的语境差异及其语用规则，信函写作有可能出现各种意想不到的语用失误，影响商务活动的正常开展。 但是，由于商务英语语用失误十分微妙，不像语法或语义失误那样容易识别，所以一般很难引起人们的注意和重视。
因此，英语函电写作教学重语言能力训练（可能是无意识地），轻商务英语文化意识和语用能力培养的现象还比较普遍。以往人们对商务英语写作失误的研究一般停留在语言形式和写作方法的层面上，到目前为止还很少见到从文化层面探讨商务英语写作语用失误现象的文章。
笔者认为，只有从文化层面而不是单纯从语言形式平面对这些语用失误现象进行剖析，才能透过表层的语言现象了解作者语用失误的心理文化取向及其思维轨迹。这对提高商务英语写作教学质量，增强学生的商务英语文化意识和语用能力将有一定的帮助。
一、商务语用失误与文化心理差异谈到英语语用失误，有必要涉及语用学（Prag m atics）这一重要的语言学分支。 它是20世纪70至80年代由西方学者们建立和发展起来的一门独立的新学科，是研究在不同的交际环境下如何正确地理解和运用语言的一门学问。
以往人们只是关注语言的形式或功能，即重视语言的语法和语义功能的研究。[1]但是使用语言不只是讲究遣词造句的正误问题，更重要的是语言使用是否合适、得体。
本文中的语用失误是指交际者使用的语言不合适、不得体，带有明显的汉语言文化思维特征和语用特征。语言与文化密不可分，而文化与哲学更是紧密相连。
两者都给民族的思维模式、语言行为以及其深刻的影响。探讨商务英语语用失误现象，不可不涉及与民族文化有着千丝万缕联系的传统语言哲学观和英汉两种语言的文化属性。
从语言哲学视角看，中国语言哲学观是治世的，旨在通过治世达到“天人合一、言行合一”。[2]道家和儒家思想主张人应“……不言而善应”、“慎言、戒言”等。
西方哲学和语言观是创世的，其文化偏爱语言行为，相信其创造力。以个体本位为取向的西方文化认为语言是延伸自我、改造他人的工具，所以西方人惯于表现自己，说话直截了当，愿意表达内心世界，反映了西方人以自我为本位的行为价值观。
而以群体价值观为取向的中国人往往性格内敛，说话委婉含蓄，不轻易表露内心世界，很少与人对立，反映了中国人的中庸处世之道。显然，人的语言行为特征除了有先天秉赋因素外，传统文化对人的处世态度和语言行为有着十分重要的影响。
从语言文化属性看，中国文化属于人文文化，西方文化属于科学文化。 中国文化重综合、轻分析，重意会、轻言传。
科学文化重物质、轻人伦、重分析、轻综合，重概念、忌笼统，价值取向以功利为本位。[3]人文文化和科学文化在思维方式上的主要差别表现在以下几方面：首先，中国人重直觉与具象，西方人重理性与逻辑，在语言上表现为汉语词汇的形象性和英语词汇的功能性。
第二，中国人重整体，西方人重个体，这表现在汉语词汇意义一般比较笼统，英语词义一般比较具体。汉语表意比较模糊，英语表意比较准确。
第三，汉语重意念，英语重形式，这主要表现在汉语句子衔接靠语义逻辑，而英语则重视句子形式上的衔接。英汉心理文化的差异对语言的影响无所不在，给跨文化交际造成了不少障碍。
二、商务英语语用失误的心理文化剖析商务英语属于专门用途英语（English for SpecialPurposes），其语言有着鲜明的行业性特点和独特的语体风格。英汉两种语言根植于不同的文化土壤。
其差异不仅表现在思维表达方式上，而且表现在受隐性文化制约的语用交际规则上。 学习者在尚未意识到这种文化差异的存在或没有掌握其特定文化语境下的语用规则的情况下，很可能不自觉地参照汉语文化语境和语用规则进行写作思维和表达，结果会犯各种难以察觉的语用失误。
文化因素造成的英语表达汉化现象是多层次性的。它们可以出现在商务英语表达的各个层面，包括词汇层、句子层、段落乃至篇章层。
笔者择其一二，略加分析。1.人称使用不当文化对语言的影响无所不在。
在英汉语中，即使是很普通的人称指示代词，使用规则也不尽相同。[4]统计资料表明，汉语使用第一人称和第二人称代词比英语多，而英语第三人称的使用频率比汉语要高。
这反映出英汉民族微妙的心理文化差异。 中国人的交际和关注对象更多集中在“我”和“你”之间，谈论第三者则相对少一些。
这反映了一种文化规约下的语言行为特征。在英语商务。
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