众文网1.英语语言学论文
转摘More and more scholars are now showing an interest in adopting linguistic approaches to translation studies. Between 1949 and 1989, an incomplete survey by the author revealed that there were only about 30 textbook passages discussing the relationship between linguistics and translation, including aspects of general linguistics, pragmatics, stylistics, text linguistics, rhetoric and machine translation. From 1990 to 1994, there was an incredible increase in the number of passages looking at translation from a linguistic point of view. Almost 160 articles published over these five years concerned translation and general linguistics, stylistics, comparative linguistics, semantics, pragmatics, sociolinguistics, text linguistics, rhetoric, etc. New terms such as discourse analysis, hermeneutics, dynamic equivalence, deep structure and surface structure, context, theme and rheme, cooperative principles, to mention just a few, appeared in the field of translation studies. We can definitely identify a trend of applying linguistics theories to translation studies in these years. Today, we are at the point of questioning whether linguistics is a necessary part of translation. In recent years, some scholars who are in favour of free translation, have repeatedly raised this question to the public and appealed for an end to the linguistic approach to translation. Some firmly believe that translation is an art and that therefore linguistics is neither useful nor helpful. Such a claim is wrong if we look at translation as a whole, including scientific translation where meanings are rigid and restricted and the degree of freedom is limited. Flexibility, in this case, is neither required nor appreciated. But even in literary translation, linguistics is hardly a burden. Wang Zongyan pointed out that « If one sees linguistics as a body of rules regulating language, translators most probably will yawn with boredom. If it signifies the use of words and locutions to fit an occasion, there is nothing to stop translators from embracing linguistics » （Wang 1991: 38）. The controversy over « literal » versus « free » translation has a long history, with convincing supporters on each side. For example, ancient Western scholars like Erasmus, Augustine, and others were in favour of literal translation. Among early Chinese translators, Kumarajiva is considered to be of the free school, while Xuan Zuang appears as literal and inflexible. In modern China, Yan Fu advocated hermeneutic translation, while Lu Xun preferred a clumsy version to one that was free but inexact. There is nothing wrong in any of these stances. When these translators emphasized free translation they never denied the possibility of literal translation, and vice versa. Problems only arise when the discussion turns to equivalent translations. The problem of equivalence has caused much controversy. Some people believed that there could be an equivalence of language elements independent of the setting in which they of occurred. Based on this assumption, some « literal » translators tried to decompose a text into single elements in hopes of finding equivalents in the target language. This is a naive idea. Jakobson (1971: 262) notes that « Equivalence in difference is the cardinal problem of language and the pivotal concern of linguistics. » He does not refer to « equivalence » but to « equivalence in difference » as the cardinal problem. Nida was also misunderstood by many for his notion of « equivalence， » which he took to mean that « Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style » （1969: 12）. He further concluded that « Absolute equivalence in translating is never possible » （1984: 14）. De Beaugrande and Dressler believed that the success or failure of either free or literal approaches was uncertain: an unduly « literal » translation might be awkward or even unintelligible, while an unduly « free » one might make the original text disintegrate and disappear altogether. To them, equivalence between a translation and an original can only be realized in the experience of the participants (cf. de Beaugrande and Dressler 1981: 216-217). Catford (1965: 27) expressed the same concern that equivalent translation is only « an empirical phenomenon, discovered by comparing SL and TL texts. » In citing the above examples, I have absolutely no intention of insisting on untranslatability. What I mean is that a translator should incorporate his or her own experience and processing activities into the text: solving the problems, 。
2.英语语言学毕业论文选题,有哪些话题可选,好写
phonetics 语音学----the study of sounds used in linguistic communication.
phonology 音系学（音位学）
morphology 词法学
syntax 句法学
semantics 语义学
pragmatics 语用学
Second language acqusition
discourse analysis
3.英语语言学毕业论文哪些题目好写
选题注意事项：
1，选你自己感兴趣的题目，毕业论文是个浩大的工程，要是不能写自己想写的，相信我，在这漫长的写作时间里，你会相当痛苦的。
2，题目不能太大，也不能太小，否则不好驾驭。最好是那种“从小角度看大问题”的题目。例如，我写一部电影，电影体现了中美文化差异，分别有婚姻观，家庭教育观等。但是我以一部电影为出发点，这个角度就比较小，也不容易和别人雷同，不是被写滥了的题目。
3，题目要好找资料的，所以内容不可能完完全全出自“自己”，于是就要大量的从网上，参考书上，图书馆搬来。所以最好就是找参考资料比较多的题目，切忌是参考，不是照搬。
部分选题参考：
1
从《远离尘嚣》看偶然与巧合
2
从亨伯特看纳博科夫的流亡观
3
透过餐具看中西方饮食文化
4
从女性主义角度解读《太阳照常升起》中的女主角——勃莱特
5
从文化视角探讨隐喻的翻译
6
从生态批评角度看威廉·福克纳的《熊》中人与自然的关系
7
从功能对等角度分析常用英语修辞格汉译
8
任务型语言教学法的优势
9
自我身份的探寻—评拉尔夫·埃里森《看不见的人》
10
浅析英文报纸中体育新闻用语的模糊修辞
11
从电影《肖申克的救赎》和《当幸福来敲门》中探究美国人的个人主义
12
中美恭维言语行为跨文化比较研究
13
表现主义技巧在《推销员之死》中的运用
4.本人是一名大四英语专业学生,要写毕业论文了,想写英语语言学方向
浅析英语语言中的性别差异摘要：人类有性别之分，其语言也有性别差异。
本文主要从英语语音、语调、词语的选择和句法的选择等方面分析了性别语言差异的几种表现。关键词：英语语言性别差异选择表现人类在使用语言时存在性别差异，许多语言都有这种情况。
所谓性别语言从广义上来说是指男性和女性所使用的具有性别特征的语言，以及某一种语言中用来区别男性与女性的语言现象。 早在17世纪中叶，加勒比地区就发表了男性和女性在谈话形式上存在着差异的报告。
三百多年过去了，对不同性别的语言差异的研究已经有了很大的进展。研究表明，男女使用语言的差异是客观存在的。
一些学者认为，性别语言不仅体现在语言结构的变异上，即语音、词汇和语法特征的不同上，而且还反映在语言能力上。 男女在语言文体上确实存在着强势与弱势、直陈与含蓄、粗犷与华丽等之间的差别。
女性使用语言偏于保守，往往保留旧的形式，而男性的语言则偏于开放，往往接受新的表达形式；女性的修辞较男性细腻、婉转。英语中男女语言差异主要表现以下几个方面：第一，性别语言在语音方面的表现。
英美国家男性和女性在语音上的差别是性别语言最明显的表现形式之一。比较常见的例子是在读诸如swimming,running,reading,going,chewin等词的词尾-ing时，男性通常读作[in]，女性一般都读成标准的[i]。
男性经常把在浊辅音、元音和部分摩擦音后的-ing发成[in]。 英美语言学家的研究也表明了这一点。
另外，带澳大利亚口音的英语通常被认为不够标准。而带澳大利亚口音的女性要比带这种口音的男性少得多。
其原因是女性较男性更注意发音的准确性，因为她们认为这是她们身份和受教育程度的标记，而男性则可以通过其他途径，如多参加社交活动、努力工作等，来显示自己的身份与地位。 不过，时代在发展，语言在变化，女性的社会地位在不断提高，性别语言差异也在逐渐变小。
目前，男女在语音的差异逐渐模糊。第二，在语调方面，性别语言差异更为明显。
一般来说，女性说话时多用升调，语调变化多，并富有表现力，前元音和后元音发得比较清晰，而男性讲话时多用降调，语调变化少，前元音和后元音发得含糊。 其次女性的语调模式是犹豫、不肯定、软弱无力、高音调多，往往充满感情，富有表现力；而男性的语调模式是平稳、坚定有力，不常用高音调，表现力不足，有时近乎单调。
再次女性常用逆序重音，如：I'd rather walk。男性通常把重音放在walk上，以高降调收尾，语气显得坚定有力，而女性则会用低升调收尾，语气犹豫，显得软弱无力。
有的学者认为，女性较男性音调较高，其实是由生理因素造成的，但常常会跟胆怯、情绪不稳定联系在一起。还有人认为，女性常用升调来回答疑问句。
第三，性别语言在词语选择方面的表现形式。英美国家的女性较男性更多地使用强势词，如：such,so,quite,vastly,nev-er,terribly等。
如：It was so interesting。I had such fun yesterday at the party。
在日常生活中，男性多用强感叹词，甚至咒骂词语，如：shit,hell,damn等，而女性则多用弱感叹词，如：goodness,oh gosh,dear me,good gracious,my God,good God,my Lord等，很少使用咒骂词语。 强感叹词有时不无粗鄙、污秽的色彩，给人以言辞有力、情绪强烈的感觉，表现出说话人感情的强烈程度和态度的鲜明程度。
绝大多数人认为，强感叹词出自男子之口是可以理解的，但如果出自小姐或夫人之口是不礼貌的。女性擅长使用某些词来精确地描述色彩，而男性则很少用这些词。
一些色彩词如azure,beige,aquamarine,lavender等，经常出现在女性的言语中。有一项调查表明，对于表示颜色的词，女性比男性知道的更多。
女性常用重叠音节词，如：teeny-tiny,itsy-bitty，等，而这些词男性一般是不用的。 女性喜欢使用反映女性性格特征的词，这些词通常带有羡慕、赞赏、娇媚的色彩，如：beautiful,gorgeous,adorable,di-vine,charming,lovely,bubbly,cuddly,cute,darling,exquisite,pretty,precious,sweet,fantastic等。
相比之下，男性喜欢使用反映男性性格特征的词。女性比男性更善于使用委婉语。
委婉语源于禁忌语，对触犯禁忌的事和人用其它词语来代替就产生了委婉语。对与性别有关的词语，如有些人体部位的名称、某些生理现象的名称，女性一般不愿意直说，就常常用委婉语来表达。
在用词方面，还有两种常见的现象就是女性较男性多用表示把握不大的词语，如：well,maybe,sort of,I think,I suppose等。一方面反映女性说话、做事留有余地，带有商量的口气，显得有礼貌，另一方面反映女性对自己的言行缺少把握。
但是，男性比女性多用俚语。第四，性别语言在句法结构选择方面的表现形式。
在语法结构上，性别语言主要表现在：女性较多地使用情态结构，即情态动词can,could,shall,should,will,would,may,might与其它助动词have,be连用，反映女性对周围发生的事情口气不肯定，或还有几分怀疑。 男性则通常只用其中几个表示肯定或具有权威、命令式的词，如can,shall,will。
女性比男性多用反意疑问句。据统计，女性使用反意疑问句的次数是男性的两倍。
女性使用反意疑问句表示。
5.好心人帮忙写一篇关于 英语语言学 的论文（英语）
How to improve your English in full detail (my experience) The Third Edition To be good at English is not particularly easy but not terribly hard either.Before you start to learn sentences, or new words, the first and also the most important step is the "pronunciation". To pronounce perfectly you should buy a tape to assist you to learn and practise. This is the fundamental step to learn English, ignore or pay no attention to this step; you will not learn proper English and you will find the later steps more and more difficult. If you are solid and accurate in pronunciation, you will find the later steps much easier and you will stand firmly on the right track.After mastering the pronunciation perfectly, it is the time to accumulate new words and useful expressions. Of course start from the simplest words like “hello, hi, you, me, he, him, his, her”, etc。
. and expressions like “how are you, how old are you, how do you do”, etc。
. It is essential to write the words on a piece of paper so that you remember them well. Actually everyone had done these at his/her primary school.*************Now let me tell you how I learnt English in China. ******************* Speaking:In China, you won't have enough chances to speak English. What I did was in the morning I got up early and read aloud the texts in the textbooks. The initial aim was to achieve the same speed as the tape, and then being able to read aloud the texts with the same style as the English announcer in the tape. By doing this, it helps you to consolidate your pronunciation and grammar.Listening:Nowadays it is much easier to learn English in China because you can watch some TV channels in English. The more channels in English the better because you can choose your preferred programmes and it helps you to learn English with interests of your own, hence ideal for listening and expression/words accumulations.Writing:It is also very useful to write diaries. On writing diaries, it is not useful if you just write it without the care of grammar and spelling. When you finish you should always read your diaries again to check for errors and refine your sentences (e.g. remove repetitive words, use better expressions, and sort out the structure of the sentences).Reading:It is also very important to read story books in English, starting from thin ones with not many new words. Read as many thin books as you possibly can. Little by Little you will want to read thicker books, and your reading ability will get even better.Putting four elements together:I have to emphasise that when you do all these reading, listening, writing and speaking; you should join them together as a whole, apply the new words you learn from watching TV, reading books to your writing and speaking.The enhancement of learning comes from getting hold of the possible opportunities to speak English (in China or abroad):In China, you should try to go to local English corner to practise your oral English. If you are abroad then you should make a lot of English or international friends so you always have the opportunity to speak English.On Spoken English, attitude is very important. You need to be very keen and you must not be shy. Never be afraid to make mistakes. Always think that a talk in English with some one will help you significantly.You can think in this way: since my parents have paid so much to support me to study abroad, the money is partly spent on the international environment for learning English; therefore I ought to try my best to take every opportunity to practise my English. My English has risen to a higher level in the last 2 years, because I talk in English most of the time. Having some international friends is particularly useful indeed. Summing up the activities:I have also been watching TV too. The real improvement lies in staying with international friends long enough and watching a lot of TV such as news, football, dramas, documentaries etc。
. Writing diaries also helps me to remember good words, good expressions and practise sentence structuring.*****Now, I have finished talking about how to learn and improve General English.It is the time to switch to "Your Major in English" ******************************* Knowing general English on its own is not going to be sufficient for most people. Skills are as important as mastering another language. General English helps people to communicate with each other in their lives. Technical English helps you to take on challenges to change the world for the highest, to earn money for your living for the lower.Some people who have a degree in English go abroad to learn something different but heavily based on the language such as Media study, 。
6.急
汉语新词语修辞方式造词法研究以往发表的新词语a的文章。
侧重于从新词新义的显现入手探讨，从修辞格方面入手研究新词的比较少。本文主要从新词语的现状，修辞方式构成的新词的研究的意义，由比喻、借代、仿拟构成的新词的情况和其他修辞方式构成的新词的情况这几方面来进行分析研究。
修辞 新词语 比喻 借代 仿拟Study of Chinese New Words from Rhetorical Mannerworks about new words studying from the layer of the meanings of new words .But the articles that studied new words from rhetorical manners seldom appear. The studying layers of my article are as follows: First, the present situation of new words. Second, the significance of studying the new words from rhetorical manner. Third the situation of new words from figural, borrowing manners. Forth the situation of new words from other rhetorical manners, and so on.rhetorical new word trope borrowing新词新语是观察社会生活的晴雨表，是反映现实的一面镜子。处于转型期的中国社会，其人文景观绚丽多彩。
改革的大门开放以后，国外文化蜂拥而来。诸如“的士”、“酒吧”等词语纷至沓来。
国内国外文化相互碰撞，彼此之间相互交融、相互渗透，产生了一批反映时代变革的新词新语。随着国内旅游热兴起，在市场经济的驱动下，许多农村人口投身于旅游景点的商业服务，于是便在原先的交通工具上精心修饰，仿照“的士”，出现了“马的”、“驴的”、“轿的”、“摩的”、“板的”等系列新词。
这种由修辞方式构成的新词从一个侧面反映了旅游文化的发展，农业文明开始向现代文明转换。研究这种新词新语具有广义文化学的意义。
研究这种新词语还有社会学的意义。比如“下岗”一词，在计划经济时期是不存在的。
进入90年代后，由计划经济向社会主义市场经济转轨，市场经济严酷的竞争机制，必然使有的企业破产，有的工厂倒闭，职工下岗不可避免。与“下岗”相对应，运用对义仿拟手段出现了“上岗”这个新词语。
此外，“绿灯”、“黄昏恋”等等，都反映了这一特定时期的重要社会问题。最重要的是研究这种新词具有语言学的意义。
语言同社会生活联系密切，反映生活也最为迅速。如“绿色工程”“绿色食品”“绿色能源”“绿色产业”“绿色农业”“绿色事业”、“套书”“套裙”“套餐”“套会”“套票”等系列套词反映了修辞构词的灵活性、形象性和系统性。
语言的活跃，反映思想的活跃，是改革开放以来思想解放的结果。研究由修辞构成的新词语是要寻找其规律，预测其走向趋势，引导正确理解和使用祖国的语言文字，促进语言规范标准化。
这是精神文明建设的重要内容，也是信息时代全球化国际交往的需要。一、“修辞学造词法”诠释词汇就其本身而言是一个开放的系统，而新词的产生概括的说不外乎两条途径：一是构造新词，二是吸收外来词。
当今时代是一个信息爆炸的时代，各种新的事物、新的现象不断出现，由此导致了人们的新观念、新感受的不断产生，面对这种现象，原有的词汇难免会出现供不应求的现象。于是人们便倾向于寻求各种造词手段来对客观世界大量的空符号作及时有效的补充。
产生新词新语的方式很多，有新外来词语的吸收、旧词语的复活、方言词语的吸收等等。我们着重要谈的是以修辞方式构成的新词的研究。
任学良先生曾提出“修辞学造词法”，就是运用修辞手法（即所谓的辞格）来创造新词的方法。新词语有不少正是利用这种方式产生的。
比如用“鞭打快牛”来喻指对贡献大的人或企业过度加码，使其做更大的贡献；用演员出台表演的“出台”来喻指一系列成套的政策措施跟群众公开见面，即形象又生动。诸如“蛋糕”、“绿灯”、“断奶”、“窗口”、“余热”、“网络”、“黄牌”、“拳头”、“婆婆”、“阵痛”，“铁饭碗”、“红眼病”、“花架子”、“大锅饭”、“毛毛雨”、“大气候”，“一刀切”、“走后门”、“打头阵”、“剃光头”等都是通过比喻式构成的。
“拳头产品”是指一种品牌或产品在企业中的作用向拳头一样粗壮有力，它是比喻方式造成的新词语。至于“龙头企业”、“文山会海”等等都是此类。
还有借代式新词语，如“菜篮子”、“绿色食品”、“国脚”等。据语料库我们统计得出这种由修辞格形成的新词语约有700多个，以比喻、借代、仿拟方式构成的新词语最为常见。
此外，还有其他修辞方式如比拟、夸张、谐音构成的新词语，下文中我们将会一一谈到。二、比喻造词法从结构上看，新词新语里运用比喻这种修辞格的，大体有以下几类：⑴、以喻体作修饰成分，本体类属作中心词，构成新词语。
如：龙头企业 拳头产品 窗口行业 星火计划 胡子工程 尾巴工程这类新词的喻体一般都具有形象生动通俗易懂的特点 ，取譬的着眼点也多种多样，其突出之处是使得语言表达简洁明快。如： 草根工业：喻指植根于乡村土地发展起来的乡镇企业。
龙头企业：像龙头一样能带动全局和其他企业前进或发展的企业。 尾巴工程：指某一工程主体部分已经完成，但尚有某些收尾项目未曾完成，好像拖了个尾巴。
⑵、以喻体。
7.有好的语言学毕业论文题目推荐吗
一、英语语言学毕业论文题目：
1、中西语言方式对比
2、词汇学
3、近代英语语言的衍变
二、
英语语言学课程由三个知识模块组成：理论启蒙、基础理论、研究方法。理论启蒙模块内容涉及英语的词汇知识、语音知识、语法知识、修辞知识、语体知识、英语变体、英语学习策略等。基础理论模块由英语语言学概论执行，内容涉及语言的各种属性、语言学的学科知识、语音学、形态学、句法学、语义学、语用学、社会语言学、语言与心理、语言与文化、语言习得等。研究方法模块通过介绍语言学研究的设计与分析方法，帮助学生掌握从事语言研究的本领，并直接与本科毕业论文的写作挂钩。
三、毕业论文，泛指专科毕业论文、本科毕业论文（学士学位毕业论文）、硕士研究生毕业论文（硕士学位论文）、博士研究生毕业论文（博士学位论文）等，即需要在学业完成前写作并提交的论文，是教学或科研活动的重要组成部分之一。
8.英语语言学论文
转摘More and more scholars are now showing an interest in adopting linguistic approaches to translation studies. Between 1949 and 1989, an incomplete survey by the author revealed that there were only about 30 textbook passages discussing the relationship between linguistics and translation, including aspects of general linguistics, pragmatics, stylistics, text linguistics, rhetoric and machine translation. From 1990 to 1994, there was an incredible increase in the number of passages looking at translation from a linguistic point of view. Almost 160 articles published over these five years concerned translation and general linguistics, stylistics, comparative linguistics, semantics, pragmatics, sociolinguistics, text linguistics, rhetoric, etc. New terms such as discourse analysis, hermeneutics, dynamic equivalence, deep structure and surface structure, context, theme and rheme, cooperative principles, to mention just a few, appeared in the field of translation studies. We can definitely identify a trend of applying linguistics theories to translation studies in these years. Today, we are at the point of questioning whether linguistics is a necessary part of translation. In recent years, some scholars who are in favour of free translation, have repeatedly raised this question to the public and appealed for an end to the linguistic approach to translation. Some firmly believe that translation is an art and that therefore linguistics is neither useful nor helpful. Such a claim is wrong if we look at translation as a whole, including scientific translation where meanings are rigid and restricted and the degree of freedom is limited. Flexibility, in this case, is neither required nor appreciated. But even in literary translation, linguistics is hardly a burden. Wang Zongyan pointed out that « If one sees linguistics as a body of rules regulating language, translators most probably will yawn with boredom. If it signifies the use of words and locutions to fit an occasion, there is nothing to stop translators from embracing linguistics » （Wang 1991: 38）. The controversy over « literal » versus « free » translation has a long history, with convincing supporters on each side. For example, ancient Western scholars like Erasmus, Augustine, and others were in favour of literal translation. Among early Chinese translators, Kumarajiva is considered to be of the free school, while Xuan Zuang appears as literal and inflexible. In modern China, Yan Fu advocated hermeneutic translation, while Lu Xun preferred a clumsy version to one that was free but inexact. There is nothing wrong in any of these stances. When these translators emphasized free translation they never denied the possibility of literal translation, and vice versa. Problems only arise when the discussion turns to equivalent translations. The problem of equivalence has caused much controversy. Some people believed that there could be an equivalence of language elements independent of the setting in which they of occurred. Based on this assumption, some « literal » translators tried to decompose a text into single elements in hopes of finding equivalents in the target language. This is a naive idea. Jakobson (1971: 262) notes that « Equivalence in difference is the cardinal problem of language and the pivotal concern of linguistics. » He does not refer to « equivalence » but to « equivalence in difference » as the cardinal problem. Nida was also misunderstood by many for his notion of « equivalence， » which he took to mean that « Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style » （1969: 12）. He further concluded that « Absolute equivalence in translating is never possible » （1984: 14）. De Beaugrande and Dressler believed that the success or failure of either free or literal approaches was uncertain: an unduly « literal » translation might be awkward or even unintelligible, while an unduly « free » one might make the original text disintegrate and disappear altogether. To them, equivalence between a translation and an original can only be realized in the experience of the participants (cf. de Beaugrande and Dressler 1981: 216-217). Catford (1965: 27) expressed the same concern that equivalent translation is only « an empirical phenomenon, discovered by comparing SL and TL texts. » In citing the above examples, I have absolutely no intention of insisting on untranslatability. What I mean is that a translator should incorporate his or her own experience and processing activities into the text: solving the problems, 。
9.英语语言学论文
语言学可以写的内容很多。基本上不外乎以下一些：
一，语音类
如语音的属性、音韵与语音的关系、强弱、轻浊、音节等
二，词汇类
如词汇形态学，语义学，构词，词化，语义场等等
三，语法类
如语法结构，层次，修辞等
四，句子类
如分析句子的各种成分，语序，基本句型等
五，语篇类
如连贯性，思维逻辑性，结构修辞，主体与客体意识等
这方面的教材很多，就看你的要求了。现在英语与汉语的对比语言学和对比文学比较热，从这方面下手也不错。
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