众文网1.急求：经济类3000字左右英文文献（带翻译更好）
INTO THE STORM FOR much of the past year the fast-growing economies of the emerging world watched the Western financial hurricane from afar. Their own banks held few of the mortgage-based assets that undid the rich world's financial firms. Commodity exporters were thriving, thanks to high prices for raw materials. China's economic juggernaut powered on. And, from Budapest to Brasília, an abundance of credit fuelled domestic demand. Even as talk mounted of the rich world suffering its worst financial collapse since the Depression, emerging economies seemed a long way from the centre of the storm.过去一年的大部分时间里，高速发展的新兴国家一直在远处观望着西方国家的金融风暴。
他们的银行仅持有少量抵押资产，而类似的资产已经破坏了发达国家的金融公司。商品出口商因为原材料的高价格而日渐富有。
中国不可抗拒的经济力量已然开启，而且信贷刺激的内需从布达佩斯到巴西利亚都表现得非常充足。尽管大萧条后关于西方国家受难于金融崩塌的话题与日俱增，但新兴国家似乎距离金融风暴的中心还有一段距离。
No longer. As foreign capital has fled and confidence evaporated, the emerging world's stockmarkets have plunged (in some cases losing half their value) and currencies tumbled. The seizure in the credit market caused havoc, as foreign banks abruptly stopped lending and stepped back from even the most basic banking services, including trade credits.不过目前的情况不再是那样了，随着境外资本的流失和经济信心的消失，新兴国家股市暴跌（有些地区已经腰斩），本币迅速贬值。由于外国银行突然中断贷款，并且收缩了包括贸易信贷在内的基础银行服务，新兴国家的信贷市场突发混乱，并引发了一场浩劫。
Like their rich-world counterparts, governments are battling to limit the damage (see article). That is easiest for those with large foreign-exchange reserves. Russia is spending $220 billion to shore up its financial services industry. South Korea has guaranteed $100 billion of its banks' debt. Less well-endowed countries are asking for help. Hungary has secured a EURO5 billion ($6.6 billion) lifeline from the European Central Bank and is negotiating a loan from the IMF, as is Ukraine. Close to a dozen countries are talking to the fund about financial help.新兴国家的政府和发达国家的政府一样都在为控制损失程度而奋斗。不过对于外汇储备充足的国家来说难度会小一些：俄罗斯斥资2200亿美元重振金融服务行业；韩国政府担保了1000亿美元的银行债务。
而那些储备并不充足的国家正在四处求援：匈牙利成功向欧洲央行求得了50亿欧元（约66亿美元）的生命线，同时也在同国际货币基金组织协商借款事宜，同时向国际货币基金组织求援的还有乌克兰。近一打儿的国家在向基金组织求助。
Those with long-standing problems are being driven to desperate measures. Argentina is nationalising its private pension funds, seemingly to stave off default (see article). But even stalwarts are looking weaker. Figures released this week showed that China's growth slowed to 9% in the year to the third quarter-still a rapid pace but a lot slower than the double-digit rates of recent years.有持续问题的国家正棋行险招：阿根廷正在将私人养老金国有化，意图阻止违约的发生。即使强有力的国家也表现出虚弱一面：本周公布的数字表明今年中国的增长率在第三季度减缓为9%，虽然增速还算快，但是与近些年的两位数增率相比缓慢了不少。
Blowing cold on credit 对信贷没兴趣 The various emerging economies are in different states of readiness, but the cumulative impact of all this will be enormous. Most obviously, how these countries fare will determine whether the world economy faces a mild recession or something nastier. Emerging economies accounted for around three-quarters of global growth over the past 18 months. But their economic fate will also have political consequences.众多新兴经济的意愿并不相同，但是累计在一起的影响力却非同一般。最明显的就是这些国家的表现将会决定世界经济所面临的是一个较为缓和的衰退还是更可怕的情况。
在过去18个月的全球经济增长中，新兴经济贡献了75%。但是他们的经济命运也会有一些政治后果。
In many places-eastern Europe is one example (see article)-financial turmoil is hitting weak governments. But even strong regimes could suffer. Some experts think that China needs growth of 7% a year to contain social unrest. More generally, the coming strife will shape the debate about the integration of the world economy. Unlike many previous emerging-market crises, today's mess spread from the rich world, largely thanks to increasingly integrated capital markets. If emerging economies collapse-either into a currency crisis or a sharp recession-there will be yet 。
2.100分求助
Since China joined the WTO in 2001, China's real estate market in this period of time within a relatively gradually prosperous development situation, and the situation of China's population, the big cities of the housing demand, more and more people concern, real estate investment in real estate, but, with China's entry into the world economy big melting pot, and the integration of the world economy more and more closely. In 2008, the subprime crisis caused by economic crisis sweeping the globe, China - the world's attention by a large market, also did not survive, and real estate of China in this time of economic crisis will inevitably face under a looming large shuffle, but the balance of China's real estate market in long-term accumulated inferior and disadvantages, also will spontaneously get market competition.。
3.经济论文摘要翻译英文
Since the second half of 2007, the international economic situation has undergone a marked change. By the U.S. sub-prime mortgage crisis and other factors, the major developed countries, economic growth slowed down. In this context, China's foreign trade exports were seriously affected, and the performance of the export growth slowed down, all kinds of barriers to trade increased and so on. Thus, in the new international economic situation requires us to change the mode of growth of export trade and promote sound and rapid development of foreign trade。
4.急求英文摘要翻译（经济类论文）
At present, enterprises in the economic life of the credit problem is a very prominent problem, and lose the trust accounts in arrears default, making the economic interests of many enterprises have been violated, some enterprises would rather give up a large number of orders, and cash transactions. This phenomenon not only increase transaction costs for firms, but also hinder the development of enterprises. Credit management issues that affect the key to the competitiveness of enterprises is the core of the modern enterprise content management. Good credit is a valuable asset. Therefore, strengthening the credit awareness in the community, and timely implementation of credit management, has important practical significance. China's accession to the WTO, it means that the Chinese companies into the ranks of international competition, there is not a sound and effective credit management system, enterprises will be the lack of sufficient competition in the market, and will lose the ability to guard against credit risk, and ultimately the market will be relentless elimination。
5.网络经济外文文献及中文翻译
INTO THE STORMFOR much of the past year the fast-growing economies of the emerging world watched the Western financial hurricane from afar. Their own banks held few of the mortgage-based assets that undid the rich world's financial firms. Commodity exporters were thriving, thanks to high prices for raw materials. China's economic juggernaut powered on. And, from Budapest to Brasília, an abundance of credit fuelled domestic demand. Even as talk mounted of the rich world suffering its worst financial collapse since the Depression, emerging economies seemed a long way from the centre of the storm.过去一年的大部分时间里，高速发展的新兴国家一直在远处观望着西方国家的金融风暴。
他们的银行仅持有少量抵押资产，而类似的资产已经破坏了发达国家的金融公司。商品出口商因为原材料的高价格而日渐富有。
中国不可抗拒的经济力量已然开启，而且信贷刺激的内需从布达佩斯到巴西利亚都表现得非常充足。尽管大萧条后关于西方国家受难于金融崩塌的话题与日俱增，但新兴国家似乎距离金融风暴的中心还有一段距离。
No longer. As foreign capital has fled and confidence evaporated, the emerging world's stockmarkets have plunged (in some cases losing half their value) and currencies tumbled. The seizure in the credit market caused havoc, as foreign banks abruptly stopped lending and stepped back from even the most basic banking services, including trade credits.。
6.600分求毕业论文中的外文翻译,要有外文原文和译文
Shallow view college students（浅析大学生消费观） In the current consumption market, as a special group is receiving more and more attention. Cell phones, Internet, sports, tourism, av equipment are students of consumption. Their younger age, different from other social consumer groups of consumer psychology and behavior. On one hand has strong consumption demand, on the other hand, has obtained the financial independence. Consumer spending power of advanced concepts, the lag and has great influence on them. With this curious, we investigated the students listened, currently the teachers.Results showed that the following reasons for college students have a profound influence on the view.First, family environment for students of consumption "congenital". Family is the basic factors restricting their consumption. Most students from rural areas currently. Rural students would not spend a lot of money to buy a bar of chocolate, biscuit, candy and snacks. A classmate of institute of grammar, told reporters he every month in the consumption of food and supplies, and a small part of life. However, the students from the developed city, in the free allowance is master circumstance, even the remaining money to spend on hair, clothing, accessories, and other items. MP3 Second, the consumption of college campus environment. According to the understanding of the ", just past 11 golden weeks, "some travel agency" lovers swims "travel group, a lot of students. Some boys to girls, the pursuit of cosmetics, snacks, flowers as "sociology". In the investigation and discussion, we found that the students love more than 100 - month about spending at least 200 yuan, also has 50 yuan, the highest reach 500 yuan. One of the students of agronomy humorously tells a reporter, dating from the average expenses for the situation had been broken and three kinds, namely, man should take all NanNvFang share and the initiative of all, girls love spending even more than the situation.Internet addiction among is one where money. Some students spend all day in the net cafe, wasting their time and energy, and parents hard-earned money.Third, social environment influence on college students' view. In the interview process, a eppo school students told reporters: "some students fashion and famous, too." compare existing In the seminar, some students, in order to have a phone or a paragraph on the most popular, some classmates to economize, even sacrifice other necessary expenses. Some male classmate to buy a pair of shoes, the female classmate brand in order to buy a set of famous cosmetic or a brand-name clothes at hand to his family, money or borrow money from their classmates, these reflects some students don't know into, and driven them form the vanity of endless themselves. In addition, the male classmate hair, earrings, female students, also make positive modelling teachers and parents worried.College students are the pillars of the construction of the future society, its consumption ideas and directly affected the life character and the influence of the motherland, indirect jiangshan justice. Good training and strengthening consumer habits will get to the school, good shape, and formed the role of school student wind virtuous circle. Therefore, the schools should set students' good consumption psychology and behavior of the cultivation of campus culture construction as an important component. Facing the current as of inviting advertising the snowflake fly to the university campus, teachers and parents have necessary guidance from the side with the correct method, students correct view firmly. College students from his actual consumption of the economic situation, develop simple life style, develop good consumption habits and consumption mentality. 在当前的消费市场中，大学生作为一个特殊的消费群体正受到越来越多的关注。
手机、旅游、上网、运动、影音器材都是大学生的消费热点。他们年龄较轻，有着不同于社会其他消费群体的消费心理和行为。
一方面有着旺盛的消费需求，另一方面，尚未获得经济上的独立。消费观念的超前和消费实力的滞后，都对他们有很大影响。
带着这样的好奇，我们调查了农大的同学，听取了老师们的意见。 调查结果显示，下面几种原因对大学生的消费观有着深刻的影响。
第一，家庭环境对大学生的消费观产生“先天性”的影响。家庭条件是大学生消费的根本制约因素。
农大学生大部分来自于农村。农村来的学生不愿花费很多钱去买巧克力、饼干、糖果之类的零食。
文法学院的一位同学告诉记者，他每个月的消费大部分用在伙食及学习用品上，还有一小部分是生活用品。但是，来自发达城市的学生，。
7.求翻译
Oligarchic market economy efficiency of generally, in the oligarchic monopoly market, market price above marginal costs, while prices higher than the lowest average cost. Therefore, oligarchic monopoly enterprises in the production and use of technology aspects should be inefficient, but from the extent to see, because oligarchic market competition, sometimes exist relatively intense competition, giving its efficiency than monopoly market wants tall. But on the other hand, oligarchic market usually exist products to meet consumers' differences in different preferences, in addition, because firms take bigger scale, facilitating extensive use of advanced production technology, while the fierce competition and manufacturers accelerated products and technical innovation. Therefore, high efficiency and its side, in many countries, people tried to limit the oligarchs manufacturers inefficient to further encourage oligarchic market competition。
8.急求一篇经济类英文文章 翻译后能达到5000字就行（带上中文翻译）
Macroeconomics is a sub-field of economics that examines the behavior of the economy as a whole, once all of the individual economic decisions of companies and industries have been summed. Economy-wide phenomena considered by macroeconomics include Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and how it is affected by changes in unemployment, national income, rate of growth, and price levels. In contrast, microeconomics is the study of the economic behaviour and decision-making of individual consumers, firms, and industries. Macroeconomics can be used to analyze how to influence government policy goals such as economic growth, price stability, full employment and the attainment of a sustainable balance of payments. Macroeconomics is sometimes used to refer to a general approach to economic reasoning, which includes long term strategies and rational expectations in aggregate behavior. Until the 1930s most economic analysis did not separate out individual economics behavior from aggregate behavior. With the Great Depression of the 1930s, suffered throughout the developed world at the time, and the development of the concept of national income and product statistics, the field of macroeconomics began to expand. Particularly influential were the ideas of John Maynard Keynes, who formulated theories to try to explain the Great Depression. Before that time, comprehensive national accounts, as we know them today, did not exist . One of the challenges of economics has been a struggle to reconcile macroeconomic and microeconomic models. Starting in the 1950s, macroeconomists developed micro-based models of macroeconomic behavior (such as the consumption function). Dutch economist Jan Tinbergen developed the first comprehensive national macroeconomic model, which he first built for the Netherlands and later applied to the United States and the United Kingdom after World War II. The first global macroeconomic model, Wharton Econometric Forecasting Associates LINK project, was initiated by Lawrence Klein and was mentioned in his citation for the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics in 1980. Theorists such as Robert Lucas Jr suggested (in the 1970s) that at least some traditional Keynesian (after British economist John Maynard Keynes) macroeconomic models were questionable as they were not derived from assumptions about individual behavior, although it was not clear whether the failures were in microeconomic assumptions or in macroeconomic models. However, New Keynesian macroeconomics has generally presented microeconomic models to shore up their macroeconomic theorizing, and some Keynesians have contested the idea that microeconomic foundations are essential, if the model is analytically useful. An analogy might be that the fact that quantum phisics is not fully consistent with relativity theory doesn´t mean that realtivity is false. Many important microeconomic assumptions have never been proved, and some have proved wrong. The various schools of thought are not always in direct competition with one another - even though they sometimes reach differing conclusions. Macroeconomics is an ever evolving area of research. The goal of economic research is not to be "right," but rather to be accurate. It is likely that none of the current schools of economic thought perfectly capture the workings of the economy. They do, however, each contribute a small piece of the overall puzzle. As one learns more about each school of thought, it is possible to combine aspects of each in order to reach an informed synthesis. The traditional distinction is between two different approaches to economics: Keynesian economics, focusing on demand; and supply-side (or neo-classical) economics, focusing on supply. Neither view is typically endorsed to the complete exclusion of the other, but most schools do tend clearly to emphasize one or the other as a theoretical foundation. • Keynesian economics focuses on aggregate demand to explain levels of unemployment and the business cycle. That is, business cycle fluctuations should be reduced through fiscal policy (the government spends more or less depending on the situation) and monetary policy. Early Keynesian macroeconomics was "activist," calling for regular use of policy to stabilize the capitalist economy, while some Keynesians called for the use of incomes policies. • Supply-side economics delineates quite clearly the roles of monetary policy and fiscal policy. The focus for monetary policy should be purely on the price of money as determined by the 。
9.经济学外文文献“time
Kyungmin Kim 的 《Information about sellers' past behavior in the market for lemons》出现的经济学名词"time-on-the-market"。
摘要部分如下： This paper studies the role of time-on-the-market information in dynamic trading environments under adverse selection. I consider a sequential search model in which (informed) sellers receive price offers from (uninformed) buyers and analyze both the case in which buyers receive no information about sellers' trading histories and the case in which buyers observe sellers' time-on-the-market. I analyze how the observability of time-on-the-market influences agents' trading behavior and investigate its welfare implications in both the single-seller environment and the stationary market envKyungmin金的《信息卖方市场的过去行为柠檬》出现的经济学名词“time-on-the-market”。摘要部分如下：本文研究的角色time-on-the-market信息在动态交易环境下的逆向选择。
我考虑了一个顺序搜索模型，其中（知情的）卖家从（不知情的）买家那里收到报价，并分析了两种情况，一种是买家没有收到有关卖家交易历史的信息，另一种是买家观察卖家在市场上的时间。分析了市场上时间的可观测性如何影响代理人的交易行为，并研究了其在单一卖方环境和平稳市场环境下的福利影响ironment。
10.急求 经济类3000字左右英文文献（带翻译更好）
中国加入世贸组织之后经历了高增长低通胀黄金5年，然而从06年下半年开始地产出现泡沫，通胀开始抬头，股市奔腾向前，大批热钱涌入，国内货币流动性过剩，而人民银行不断调高利息，效果却是杯水车薪（调高利息虽然可以减少银行放贷，但直接加速人民币升值，更多热钱流入，对冲了调控效果）中国经济出现了严重的过热（严重过热是我个人说法）。
经济转型势在必行。 中央政府的十一五计划中有增加农民收入这条，意味着低廉的农产品时代已经过去，农产品涨价将长期存在，直到回归到真正的市场价值（过去政府一直压低农产品价格以执行以农补工的政策）2007年初，以猪肉价格上涨为导火索的全面通胀拉开序幕，从而最终导致了整个劳动力成本上升，加之人民币升值，使东南沿海地区低附加值加工业无法生存，迫使企业向中高附加值加工转型，这样也许过个三五年的阵痛期，中国经济在突破了这个瓶颈这后会继续飞速向前。
然而国际形势的发展确给国内过热的情况又添了把油。07到08年上半年，铁矿石，石油，大豆，几乎中国需要进口战略性资源全部大幅上涨，这里的上涨不全都是市场供求的体现，2004年中国豆内加工企业要去美国采购大豆，芝加哥商品交易所的黄豆价格在短时间内翻番，随着采购的结束，其价格便大幅回落，中国企业为此损失巨大。
石油价格在世界经济衰退预期明显的情况下仍然涨到了近150美元每桶（中国对外石油依存度为50%），其中必然有大的利益集团在幕后操纵（具体情况下次更新）。在这种情况下国内形势不容乐观。
China's accession to the WTO has experienced high growth and low inflation gold 5 years, however, start from the second half of 2006 real estate bubble, inflation began to rise, the stock market Pentium forward, a large number of hot money influx of excess liquidity in domestic currency, while the people the constant increase in bank interest rates, the effect is a drop in the ocean (although the increase in interest rates can be reduced bank lending, but directly to accelerate the appreciation of the renminbi, more hot money flows, hedge effectiveness of the regulation and control) of China's economic emergence of a serious overheating (Severe overheating is my personal argument). Imperative of economic restructuring. Central government's Eleventh Five-Year Plan has increased the income of the farmers this means that low-cost agricultural products is over time, agricultural prices will exist for a long time, until the return to the real market value (In the past the Government has been suppressing the prices of agricultural products to farmers up to perform Public policy) early in 2007 to pork prices for the fuse of a comprehensive inflation began, thus finally led to a rise in the cost of the entire labor force, coupled with the appreciation of the renminbi to the southeast coastal areas with low value-added processing industry can not survive, forcing enterprises Medium to high value-added processing in transition, so too may be a painful period in 2035, China's economy broke through the bottleneck at the latter will continue to move forward rapidly. However, development of the international situation does give domestic overheating adds to the oil. 07-08 in the first half, iron ore, oil, soybeans, China needs to import almost all the significant increases in strategic resources, where prices are incomplete manifestation of market supply and demand in 2004, Chinese soybean processing enterprises in the procurement of soybean to go to the United States, Chicago Mercantile Exchange, the soybean price doubled in a short time, with the procurement of the end of its price will have fallen very sharply, Chinese companies a huge loss for this purpose. Oil prices in the world economic recession is expected to significantly despite a rise to near 150 U.S. dollars per barrel (China's foreign oil dependence to 50%), one of the inevitable big interest groups have manipulated behind the scenes (the specific circumstances of the next update). In this case the domestic situation is not optimistic. 所幸的是还没等中国热的喘不过气，美国就倒下了，全球经济前景史无前例的黯淡，几乎所有的大宗商品价格都回落到06年以前的水平，石油价格更是低估到40美元每桶，国外消费市场的低迷更是增加了扩大内需的决心，使国内居民能真正享受到自己的劳动果实（而不是借给美国人）短期来看，失业短期增多，但经济的转型必然带来失业，但从长期来看低增长低通涨要比低增长高通胀要好的多（实际上中国09年增长率也会相当的高，至少7%）. 股市从6000点跌到2000点以下这段过程（不讨论操纵，黑幕），这时也许大家会说没有赢家，其实赢家就是所有没有炒股但有大批现金的人，这些人未来不一定能赚，但至少有这个机会，而且机会相当的大。08年前中国人想买什么什么涨，中投，中铝，平。
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