众文网1.英语语言学论文
转摘More and more scholars are now showing an interest in adopting linguistic approaches to translation studies. Between 1949 and 1989, an incomplete survey by the author revealed that there were only about 30 textbook passages discussing the relationship between linguistics and translation, including aspects of general linguistics, pragmatics, stylistics, text linguistics, rhetoric and machine translation. From 1990 to 1994, there was an incredible increase in the number of passages looking at translation from a linguistic point of view. Almost 160 articles published over these five years concerned translation and general linguistics, stylistics, comparative linguistics, semantics, pragmatics, sociolinguistics, text linguistics, rhetoric, etc. New terms such as discourse analysis, hermeneutics, dynamic equivalence, deep structure and surface structure, context, theme and rheme, cooperative principles, to mention just a few, appeared in the field of translation studies. We can definitely identify a trend of applying linguistics theories to translation studies in these years. Today, we are at the point of questioning whether linguistics is a necessary part of translation. In recent years, some scholars who are in favour of free translation, have repeatedly raised this question to the public and appealed for an end to the linguistic approach to translation. Some firmly believe that translation is an art and that therefore linguistics is neither useful nor helpful. Such a claim is wrong if we look at translation as a whole, including scientific translation where meanings are rigid and restricted and the degree of freedom is limited. Flexibility, in this case, is neither required nor appreciated. But even in literary translation, linguistics is hardly a burden. Wang Zongyan pointed out that « If one sees linguistics as a body of rules regulating language, translators most probably will yawn with boredom. If it signifies the use of words and locutions to fit an occasion, there is nothing to stop translators from embracing linguistics » （Wang 1991: 38）. The controversy over « literal » versus « free » translation has a long history, with convincing supporters on each side. For example, ancient Western scholars like Erasmus, Augustine, and others were in favour of literal translation. Among early Chinese translators, Kumarajiva is considered to be of the free school, while Xuan Zuang appears as literal and inflexible. In modern China, Yan Fu advocated hermeneutic translation, while Lu Xun preferred a clumsy version to one that was free but inexact. There is nothing wrong in any of these stances. When these translators emphasized free translation they never denied the possibility of literal translation, and vice versa. Problems only arise when the discussion turns to equivalent translations. The problem of equivalence has caused much controversy. Some people believed that there could be an equivalence of language elements independent of the setting in which they of occurred. Based on this assumption, some « literal » translators tried to decompose a text into single elements in hopes of finding equivalents in the target language. This is a naive idea. Jakobson (1971: 262) notes that « Equivalence in difference is the cardinal problem of language and the pivotal concern of linguistics. » He does not refer to « equivalence » but to « equivalence in difference » as the cardinal problem. Nida was also misunderstood by many for his notion of « equivalence， » which he took to mean that « Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style » （1969: 12）. He further concluded that « Absolute equivalence in translating is never possible » （1984: 14）. De Beaugrande and Dressler believed that the success or failure of either free or literal approaches was uncertain: an unduly « literal » translation might be awkward or even unintelligible, while an unduly « free » one might make the original text disintegrate and disappear altogether. To them, equivalence between a translation and an original can only be realized in the experience of the participants (cf. de Beaugrande and Dressler 1981: 216-217). Catford (1965: 27) expressed the same concern that equivalent translation is only « an empirical phenomenon, discovered by comparing SL and TL texts. » In citing the above examples, I have absolutely no intention of insisting on untranslatability. What I mean is that a translator should incorporate his or her own experience and processing activities into the text: solving the problems, 。
2.好心人帮忙写一篇关于 英语语言学 的论文（英语）
How to improve your English in full detail (my experience) The Third Edition To be good at English is not particularly easy but not terribly hard either.Before you start to learn sentences, or new words, the first and also the most important step is the "pronunciation". To pronounce perfectly you should buy a tape to assist you to learn and practise. This is the fundamental step to learn English, ignore or pay no attention to this step; you will not learn proper English and you will find the later steps more and more difficult. If you are solid and accurate in pronunciation, you will find the later steps much easier and you will stand firmly on the right track.After mastering the pronunciation perfectly, it is the time to accumulate new words and useful expressions. Of course start from the simplest words like “hello, hi, you, me, he, him, his, her”, etc。
. and expressions like “how are you, how old are you, how do you do”, etc。
. It is essential to write the words on a piece of paper so that you remember them well. Actually everyone had done these at his/her primary school.*************Now let me tell you how I learnt English in China. ******************* Speaking:In China, you won't have enough chances to speak English. What I did was in the morning I got up early and read aloud the texts in the textbooks. The initial aim was to achieve the same speed as the tape, and then being able to read aloud the texts with the same style as the English announcer in the tape. By doing this, it helps you to consolidate your pronunciation and grammar.Listening:Nowadays it is much easier to learn English in China because you can watch some TV channels in English. The more channels in English the better because you can choose your preferred programmes and it helps you to learn English with interests of your own, hence ideal for listening and expression/words accumulations.Writing:It is also very useful to write diaries. On writing diaries, it is not useful if you just write it without the care of grammar and spelling. When you finish you should always read your diaries again to check for errors and refine your sentences (e.g. remove repetitive words, use better expressions, and sort out the structure of the sentences).Reading:It is also very important to read story books in English, starting from thin ones with not many new words. Read as many thin books as you possibly can. Little by Little you will want to read thicker books, and your reading ability will get even better.Putting four elements together:I have to emphasise that when you do all these reading, listening, writing and speaking; you should join them together as a whole, apply the new words you learn from watching TV, reading books to your writing and speaking.The enhancement of learning comes from getting hold of the possible opportunities to speak English (in China or abroad):In China, you should try to go to local English corner to practise your oral English. If you are abroad then you should make a lot of English or international friends so you always have the opportunity to speak English.On Spoken English, attitude is very important. You need to be very keen and you must not be shy. Never be afraid to make mistakes. Always think that a talk in English with some one will help you significantly.You can think in this way: since my parents have paid so much to support me to study abroad, the money is partly spent on the international environment for learning English; therefore I ought to try my best to take every opportunity to practise my English. My English has risen to a higher level in the last 2 years, because I talk in English most of the time. Having some international friends is particularly useful indeed. Summing up the activities:I have also been watching TV too. The real improvement lies in staying with international friends long enough and watching a lot of TV such as news, football, dramas, documentaries etc。
. Writing diaries also helps me to remember good words, good expressions and practise sentence structuring.*****Now, I have finished talking about how to learn and improve General English.It is the time to switch to "Your Major in English" ******************************* Knowing general English on its own is not going to be sufficient for most people. Skills are as important as mastering another language. General English helps people to communicate with each other in their lives. Technical English helps you to take on challenges to change the world for the highest, to earn money for your living for the lower.Some people who have a degree in English go abroad to learn something different but heavily based on the language such as Media study, 。
3.跪求一篇英语语言学的论文 中英文都行 最好是英文 字数1500 好的话追
On suprasegmental features 一. Introduction So far we have been talking about phonetic features as they apply to single phonetic segments, or phones. Phonetic features can also apply to a string of several sounds, such as a syllable, or an entire word or utterance. The study of phonological features which applies to groups larger than the single segment, are known as suprasegmental features, such as the syllable or the word. The study of these features is known as prosody. It mainly includes syllable, stress, pitch, tone, and intonation. In this paper, I will talk about the suprasegmental features in great detail. Key words: phonetic, suprasegmental.二. Syllable The most obvious prosodic feature in language is the syllable. Let's briefly discuss the notion of syllables. Like all of our other basic linguistic concepts, although everyone knows what a syllable is, the concept "syllable" is difficult to define in absolute terms. A syllable can be divided into three parts, that is, onset, nucleus, and coda, of which nucleus is a must. A syllable that has no coda is called an open syllable while a syllable with coda is called a closed syllable. In English only long vowels and diphthongs can occur in open syllables. The onset may be empty or filled by a cluster of as many as three consonants, while the coda position may be filled as many as four consonants. The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda. In some languages, syllables are always open, that is, they always end in a vowel, never a consonant. (Hawaiian) On the other hand, every Hawaiian syllable must begin with a consonant. (Aloha spoken as a single word begins in a glottal stop.) In other languages, syllables are always closed; they must end in a consonant (Navaho): Háá'ishah dididiljah. Let's build a fire. Táá diné 'ooljéé'go naaskai' Three men went to the moon. (Like Hawaiian, they must also begin in a consonant.) 三. Stress The nature of stress The word stress is used differently by different authors, and the relationship between stress, emphasis, accent and prominence is also defined differently. Robins has defined it as “a generic term for the relatively greater force exerted in the articulation of part of utterance”. The nature of stress is simple enough—practically everyone would agree that the first syllable of words like“father”, “open” is stressed, that the middle syllable is stressed in “potato”, “apartment” and the final syllable is stressed in “about”, “perhaps”, and most people feel they have some sort of idea of what the difference is between stressed and unstressed syllables, though they might explain it in many different ways.The production of stress is generally believed to depend on the speaker using more muscular energy than is used for unstressed syllables. From the perceptual point of view, all stressed syllables have one characteristic in common, and that is “prominence”. Roach has manifested that at least four different factors are important to make a syllable prominent:i) Loudness: Most people seem to feel that stressed syllables are louder than unstressed ones; in other words, loudness is a component of prominence.ii) Length: The length of syllables has an important part to play in prominence; the syllables which are made longer than the others will be heard as stressed.iii) Pitch: Pitch in speech is closely related to the frequency of vibration of the vocal folds and to the musical notion of low-pitched and high-pitched notes; if one syllable is said with a pitch that is noticeably different from that of the others, this will have a strong tendency to produce the effect of prominence.iv) Quality: a syllable will tend to be prominent if it contains a vowel that is different in quality from neighboring vowels. Languages differ in how they use stress.1) In some languages, each syllable is equally stressed or unstressed,as in Cambodian2) the syllable in each word is more stressed. The place of stress is fixed on a certain syllable:1) initial. Finnish, Hungarian and other Finno-Ugric languages2) penultimate. Polish,3) final. French.4) Complex set of rules. In Bulgarian nouns and verbs have separate sets of rules for stress placement. Hopi (phonetic: first syllable of a two syllable word: síkwi meat; in words of three or more syllables, accent falls on the first long vowel: máamatsi to recognize; or on the first short vowel before a consonant cluster: péntani to write; otherwise it falls on the next to last syllable: wunúvtu stand up) The place of stress is random.1) In Russian the stress is completely random: xoroshó， xoróshi.2) In English the stress is more 。
4.语言学论文 英文版
"Give a man a fish and he eats for a day. Teach him how to fish and he eats for a lifetime." Doing research is a mystery to many graduate students and second language teachers in China. This book aims to demystify the process of carrying out research in the field of applied linguistics, particularly in the area of second language acquisition and teaching. This book is written for those who have no previous research experience at all or those who have done some research without formal training. It is particulary useful for graduate students of applied linguistics, second language teachers and teacher-trainers. Preface Part I I Introduction Part II Researching Part III Thesis Writing References Appendixes Subject index Author index。
5.英语语言学论文
语言学可以写的内容很多。基本上不外乎以下一些：
一，语音类
如语音的属性、音韵与语音的关系、强弱、轻浊、音节等
二，词汇类
如词汇形态学，语义学，构词，词化，语义场等等
三，语法类
如语法结构，层次，修辞等
四，句子类
如分析句子的各种成分，语序，基本句型等
五，语篇类
如连贯性，思维逻辑性，结构修辞，主体与客体意识等
这方面的教材很多，就看你的要求了。现在英语与汉语的对比语言学和对比文学比较热，从这方面下手也不错。
6.好心人帮忙写一篇关于 英语语言学 的论文（英语）
How to improve your English in full detail (my experience) The Third EditionTo be good at English is not particularly easy but not terribly hard either.Before you start to learn sentences, or new words, the first and also the most important step is the "pronunciation". To pronounce perfectly you should buy a tape to assist you to learn and practise. This is the fundamental step to learn English, ignore or pay no attention to this step; you will not learn proper English and you will find the later steps more and more difficult. If you are solid and accurate in pronunciation, you will find the later steps much easier and you will stand firmly on the right track.After mastering the pronunciation perfectly, it is the time to accumulate new words and useful expressions. Of course start from the simplest words like “hello, hi, you, me, he, him, his, her”, etc。
. and expressions like “how are you, how old are you, how do you do”, etc。
. It is essential to write the words on a piece of paper so that you remember them well. Actually everyone had done these at his/her primary school.*************Now let me tell you how I learnt English in China. *******************Speaking:In China, you won't have enough chances to speak English. What I did was in the morning I got up early and read aloud the texts in the textbooks. The initial aim was to achieve the same speed as the tape, and then being able to read aloud the texts with the same style as the English announcer in the tape. By doing this, it helps you to consolidate your pronunciation and grammar.Listening:Nowadays it is much easier to learn English in China because you can watch some TV channels in English. The more channels in English the better because you can choose your preferred programmes and it helps you to learn English with interests of your own, hence ideal for listening and expression/words accumulations.Writing:It is also very useful to write diaries. On writing diaries, it is not useful if you just write it without the care of grammar and spelling. When you finish you should always read your diaries again to check for errors and refine your sentences (e.g. remove repetitive words, use better expressions, and sort out the structure of the sentences).Reading:It is also very important to read story books in English, starting from thin ones with not many new words. Read as many thin books as you possibly can. Little by Little you will want to read thicker books, and your reading ability will get even better.Putting four elements together:I have to emphasise that when you do all these reading, listening, writing and speaking; you should join them together as a whole, apply the new words you learn from watching TV, reading books to your writing and speaking.The enhancement of learning comes from getting hold of the possible opportunities to speak English (in China or abroad):In China, you should try to go to local English corner to practise your oral English. If you are abroad then you should make a lot of English or international friends so you always have the opportunity to speak English.On Spoken English, attitude is very important. You need to be very keen and you must not be shy. Never be afraid to make mistakes. Always think that a talk in English with some one will help you significantly.You can think in this way: since my parents have paid so much to support me to study abroad, the money is partly spent on the international environment for learning English; therefore I ought to try my best to take every opportunity to practise my English. My English has risen to a higher level in the last 2 years, because I talk in English most of the time. Having some international friends is particularly useful indeed. Summing up the activities:I have also been watching TV too. The real improvement lies in staying with international friends long enough and watching a lot of TV such as news, football, dramas, documentaries etc。
. Writing diaries also helps me to remember good words, good expressions and practise sentence structuring.*****Now, I have finished talking about how to learn and improve General English.It is the time to switch to "Your Major in English" *******************************Knowing general English on its own is not going to be sufficient for most people. Skills are as important as mastering another language. General English helps people to communicate with each other in their lives. Technical English helps you to take on challenges to change the world for the highest, to earn money for your living for the lower.Some people who have a degree in English go abroad to learn something different but heavily based on the language such as Media study, Jour。
7.英语语言学毕业论文哪些题目好写
选题注意事项：
1，选你自己感兴趣的题目，毕业论文是个浩大的工程，要是不能写自己想写的，相信我，在这漫长的写作时间里，你会相当痛苦的。
2，题目不能太大，也不能太小，否则不好驾驭。最好是那种“从小角度看大问题”的题目。例如，我写一部电影，电影体现了中美文化差异，分别有婚姻观，家庭教育观等。但是我以一部电影为出发点，这个角度就比较小，也不容易和别人雷同，不是被写滥了的题目。
3，题目要好找资料的，所以内容不可能完完全全出自“自己”，于是就要大量的从网上，参考书上，图书馆搬来。所以最好就是找参考资料比较多的题目，切忌是参考，不是照搬。
部分选题参考：
1
从《远离尘嚣》看偶然与巧合
2
从亨伯特看纳博科夫的流亡观
3
透过餐具看中西方饮食文化
4
从女性主义角度解读《太阳照常升起》中的女主角——勃莱特
5
从文化视角探讨隐喻的翻译
6
从生态批评角度看威廉·福克纳的《熊》中人与自然的关系
7
从功能对等角度分析常用英语修辞格汉译
8
任务型语言教学法的优势
9
自我身份的探寻—评拉尔夫·埃里森《看不见的人》
10
浅析英文报纸中体育新闻用语的模糊修辞
11
从电影《肖申克的救赎》和《当幸福来敲门》中探究美国人的个人主义
12
中美恭维言语行为跨文化比较研究
13
表现主义技巧在《推销员之死》中的运用
8.本人是一名大四英语专业学生,要写毕业论文了,想写英语语言学方向
浅析英语语言中的性别差异摘要：人类有性别之分，其语言也有性别差异。
本文主要从英语语音、语调、词语的选择和句法的选择等方面分析了性别语言差异的几种表现。关键词：英语语言性别差异选择表现人类在使用语言时存在性别差异，许多语言都有这种情况。
所谓性别语言从广义上来说是指男性和女性所使用的具有性别特征的语言，以及某一种语言中用来区别男性与女性的语言现象。 早在17世纪中叶，加勒比地区就发表了男性和女性在谈话形式上存在着差异的报告。
三百多年过去了，对不同性别的语言差异的研究已经有了很大的进展。研究表明，男女使用语言的差异是客观存在的。
一些学者认为，性别语言不仅体现在语言结构的变异上，即语音、词汇和语法特征的不同上，而且还反映在语言能力上。 男女在语言文体上确实存在着强势与弱势、直陈与含蓄、粗犷与华丽等之间的差别。
女性使用语言偏于保守，往往保留旧的形式，而男性的语言则偏于开放，往往接受新的表达形式；女性的修辞较男性细腻、婉转。英语中男女语言差异主要表现以下几个方面：第一，性别语言在语音方面的表现。
英美国家男性和女性在语音上的差别是性别语言最明显的表现形式之一。比较常见的例子是在读诸如swimming,running,reading,going,chewin等词的词尾-ing时，男性通常读作[in]，女性一般都读成标准的[i]。
男性经常把在浊辅音、元音和部分摩擦音后的-ing发成[in]。 英美语言学家的研究也表明了这一点。
另外，带澳大利亚口音的英语通常被认为不够标准。而带澳大利亚口音的女性要比带这种口音的男性少得多。
其原因是女性较男性更注意发音的准确性，因为她们认为这是她们身份和受教育程度的标记，而男性则可以通过其他途径，如多参加社交活动、努力工作等，来显示自己的身份与地位。 不过，时代在发展，语言在变化，女性的社会地位在不断提高，性别语言差异也在逐渐变小。
目前，男女在语音的差异逐渐模糊。第二，在语调方面，性别语言差异更为明显。
一般来说，女性说话时多用升调，语调变化多，并富有表现力，前元音和后元音发得比较清晰，而男性讲话时多用降调，语调变化少，前元音和后元音发得含糊。 其次女性的语调模式是犹豫、不肯定、软弱无力、高音调多，往往充满感情，富有表现力；而男性的语调模式是平稳、坚定有力，不常用高音调，表现力不足，有时近乎单调。
再次女性常用逆序重音，如：I'd rather walk。男性通常把重音放在walk上，以高降调收尾，语气显得坚定有力，而女性则会用低升调收尾，语气犹豫，显得软弱无力。
有的学者认为，女性较男性音调较高，其实是由生理因素造成的，但常常会跟胆怯、情绪不稳定联系在一起。还有人认为，女性常用升调来回答疑问句。
第三，性别语言在词语选择方面的表现形式。英美国家的女性较男性更多地使用强势词，如：such,so,quite,vastly,nev-er,terribly等。
如：It was so interesting。I had such fun yesterday at the party。
在日常生活中，男性多用强感叹词，甚至咒骂词语，如：shit,hell,damn等，而女性则多用弱感叹词，如：goodness,oh gosh,dear me,good gracious,my God,good God,my Lord等，很少使用咒骂词语。 强感叹词有时不无粗鄙、污秽的色彩，给人以言辞有力、情绪强烈的感觉，表现出说话人感情的强烈程度和态度的鲜明程度。
绝大多数人认为，强感叹词出自男子之口是可以理解的，但如果出自小姐或夫人之口是不礼貌的。女性擅长使用某些词来精确地描述色彩，而男性则很少用这些词。
一些色彩词如azure,beige,aquamarine,lavender等，经常出现在女性的言语中。有一项调查表明，对于表示颜色的词，女性比男性知道的更多。
女性常用重叠音节词，如：teeny-tiny,itsy-bitty，等，而这些词男性一般是不用的。 女性喜欢使用反映女性性格特征的词，这些词通常带有羡慕、赞赏、娇媚的色彩，如：beautiful,gorgeous,adorable,di-vine,charming,lovely,bubbly,cuddly,cute,darling,exquisite,pretty,precious,sweet,fantastic等。
相比之下，男性喜欢使用反映男性性格特征的词。女性比男性更善于使用委婉语。
委婉语源于禁忌语，对触犯禁忌的事和人用其它词语来代替就产生了委婉语。对与性别有关的词语，如有些人体部位的名称、某些生理现象的名称，女性一般不愿意直说，就常常用委婉语来表达。
在用词方面，还有两种常见的现象就是女性较男性多用表示把握不大的词语，如：well,maybe,sort of,I think,I suppose等。一方面反映女性说话、做事留有余地，带有商量的口气，显得有礼貌，另一方面反映女性对自己的言行缺少把握。
但是，男性比女性多用俚语。第四，性别语言在句法结构选择方面的表现形式。
在语法结构上，性别语言主要表现在：女性较多地使用情态结构，即情态动词can,could,shall,should,will,would,may,might与其它助动词have,be连用，反映女性对周围发生的事情口气不肯定，或还有几分怀疑。 男性则通常只用其中几个表示肯定或具有权威、命令式的词，如can,shall,will。
女性比男性多用反意疑问句。据统计，女性使用反意疑问句的次数是男性的两倍。
女性使用反意疑问句表示。
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