1.洗瓶机的毕业设计(机械部分)
题目11 洗瓶机
11.1 设计题目
图17 洗瓶机工作示意图
设计洗瓶机。如图17 所示,待洗的瓶子放在两个同向转动的导辊上,导辊带动瓶子旋转。当推头M把瓶子推向前进时,转动着的刷子就把瓶子外面洗净。当前一个瓶子将洗刷完毕时,后一个待洗的瓶子已送入导辊待推。
洗瓶机的技术要求见表17。
表17 洗瓶机的技术要求
方案号 瓶子尺寸
(长*直径)
mm,mm 工作行程
mm 生产率
个/s 急回系数k 电动机转速
r/min
A φ100*200 600 15 3 1440
B φ80*180 500 16 3.2 1440
C φ60*150 420 18 3.5 960
11.2设计任务
1.洗瓶机应包括齿轮、平面连杆机构等常用机构或组合机构。
2.设计传动系统并确定其传动比分配。
3.画出机器的机构运动方案简图和运动循环图。
4.设计组合机构实现运动要求,并对从动杆进行运动分析。也可以设计平面连杆机构以实现运动轨迹,并对平面连杆机构进行运动分析。绘出运动线图。
5.其他机构的设计计算。
6.编写设计计算说明书。
7.学生可进一步完成:洗瓶机推瓶机构的计算机动态演示等。
11.3设计提示
分析设计要求可知:洗瓶机主要由推瓶机构、导辊机构、转刷机构组成。设计的推瓶机构应使推头M以接近均匀的速度推瓶,平稳地接触和脱离瓶子,然后,推头快速返回原位,准备第二个工作循环。
根据设计要求,推头M可走图18 所示轨迹,而且推头M在工作行程中应作匀速直线运动,在工作段前后可有变速运动,回程时有急回。
图18 推头M运动轨迹
对这种运动要求,若用单一的常用机构是不容易实现的,通常要把若干个基本机构组合,起来,设计组合机构。
在设计组合机构时,一般可首先考虑选择满足轨迹要求的机构(基础机构),而沿轨迹运动时的速度要求,则通过改变基础机构主动件的运动速度来满足,也就是让它与一个输出变速度的附加机构组合。
实现本题要求的机构方案有很多,可用多种机构组合来实现。如:
1.凸轮-铰链四杆机构方案
如图19 所示,铰链四杆机构的连杆2上点M走近似于所要求的轨迹,M点的速度由等速转动的凸轮通过构件3的变速转动来控制。由于此方案的曲柄1是从动件,所以要注意度过死点的措施。
图19 凸轮-铰链四杆机构的方案
2.五杆组合机构方案
确定一条平面曲线需要两个独立变量。因此具有两自由度的连杆机构都具有精确再现给定平面轨迹的特征。点M的速度和机构的急回特征,可通过控制该机构的两个输入构件间的运动关系来得到,如用凸轮机构、齿轮或四连杆机构来控制等等。图20 所示为两个自由度五杆低副机构,1、4为它们的两个输入构件,这两构件之间的运动关系用凸轮、齿轮或四连杆机构来实现,从而将原来两自由度机构系统封闭成单自由度系统。
a) b)
c) d)
图20 五杆组合机构的方案
3.凸轮-全移动副四杆机构
图21 所示全移动副四杆机构是两自由度机构,构件2上的M点可精确再现给定的轨迹,构件2的运动速度和急回特征由凸轮控制。这个机构方案的缺点是因水平方向轨迹太长,造成凸轮机构从动件的行程过大,而使相应凸轮尺寸过大。
图21 凸轮-全移动副四连杆机构的方案
4.优化方法设计铰链四杆机构
可用数值方法或优化方法设计铰链四杆机构,以实现预期的运动轨迹(图18 )运动轨迹的具体数值由设计者画图确定,一般不要超过9个点的给定坐标值
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3.求一篇和超市清洗机的设计有关的外文翻译,或者和清洗机有关的外文
Ultrasonic Cleaning Ultrasonic cleaning is a good fit for a wide range of applications, from removing swarf and grinding and polishing residue to treating parts covered in oil, grease, or layers of paint. Ultrasonics can be used to clean miniature watch parts or to support the overhaul of jumbo jet engines. And from an industry perspective, the fields of electrotechnics, precision mechanics and light engineering, optics, metal processing, and medical equipment have proven particularly receptive to the ultrasonic concept. So the impact of ultrasonic cleaning is clearly recognizable. But to truly understand the value of ultrasonics, one must understand how ultrasonic cleaners really work. Ultrasonic Cleaning Explained The cleansing effect of ultrasound is the product of a phenomenon called cavitation. Billions of minute gas bubbles implode, causing shock waves that undermine dirt and blast it off a part's surface. One of the key advantages of this process is that it allows users to clean part surfaces that are completely inaccessible to a manual cleaning process. Ultrasound frequencies generally range between 20 kilohertz and 50 kilohertz, depending on application requirements. Ultrasonic cleaning is typically performed at temperatures between 122 F and 176 F . In an ultrasonic cleaning system, cavitation is produced by introducing sound waves into a cleaning liquid by means of a series of transducers mounted to a cleaning tank. The sound travels throughout the tank and creates waves of compression and expansion in the liquid. In the compression wave, the molecules of the cleaning liquid are compressed together tightly. Conversely, in the expansion wave, the molecules are pulled apart rapidly. The expansion is so dramatic that the molecules are ripped apart, creating microscopic bubbles. The bubbles contain a partial vacuum. As the pressure around the bubbles becomes greater, surrounding fluid rushes in and collapses the bubble. When this occurs, a jet of liquid is created, resulting in temperatures as high as 9,032 F (roughly the temperature of the surface of the sun). The extreme temperature, combined with the liquid jet's velocity, provides a very intense cleaning action. However, because the bubble expansion and collapse cycle is so short, the liquid surrounding the bubble quickly absorbs the heat, preventing the tank and cleaning liquid from becoming overly hot during the cleaning process. Secrets to Ultrasonic Success There are seven major concerns related to successful ultrasonic cleaning: 1. Time 2. Temperature 3. Chemistry 4. Part Fixture Design 5. Ultrasonic Output Frequency 6. Watts Per Gallon 7. Loading TimeCleaning times can vary tremendously in an ultrasonic process, depending largely on how dirty the part is and how clean is clean. A normal trial period is two to 10 minutes, since very few parts are sufficiently clean in a shorter period of time. Precleaning may be required to remove gross contamination or to chemically prepare the parts for a final clean. Some applications require more than one ultrasonic treatment to complete the required cleaning. Ultrasonic rinsing may also be required in some cases to more thoroughly remove wash chemicals. Temperature & ChemistryTemperature and chemistry are closely related. Generally, ultrasonic cleaning in anaqueous solution is optimized at 140 F . Some high pH solutions require higher temperatures. The chemical pH is a good place to start; but a thorough examination of chemistry is beyond the scope of this article. In brief, the following should be considered the main components of aqueous ultrasonic cleaning chemistry: A. Water (hard, soft, DI, or distilled) B. pH C. Surfactants Wetting agents Dispersants Emulsifiers Saponifiers D. Optional Ingredients Sequestrants Inhibitors Buffering agents Defoamers The chemical formulation must consider all of the above characteristics. Some chemicals designed for spray cleaning — or that include rust inhibitors — are not suitable for ultrasonic cleaning. Part Fixture DesignThe procedure for ultrasonic cleaning is generally as follows: Put parts in basket and place basket through three or four process steps (i.e., ultrasonic wash, spray rinse (optional), immersion rinse, dry). Some parts loaded in baskets can mask or shadow from the radiated surface of the ultrasonic transducers. Most ultrasonic cleaning systems are designed for specific applications. Bottom-mounted transducers or side-mounted transducers are important considerations during the process design stage. Automated systems must specifically address the location of the transducers to ensure cleanin。
4.啤酒厂发酵罐清洗 编写一段程序(如碱液循环刷洗过程),并写出方框
啤酒发酵罐CIP清洗工艺 连接好接管板,打开热水罐进水电磁阀,水至高位后电磁阀关闭。
开启CIP泵,清水冲净发酵罐及管道(20分钟)。水用至低液位后电磁阀打开,到高液位后又关闭。
打开碱水罐进水电磁阀,水位至低位后打开进蒸汽阀电磁阀,继续加水至高液位,关闭电磁阀。给碱水罐里按要求加碱,待温度到达设定温度后,打开电磁阀,开启CIP泵,碱水循环清洗(30分钟)。
打开热水罐进水电磁阀,加水至高液位,电磁阀关闭,打开热水罐进蒸汽阀加热,开启CIP泵,热水循环清洗(20分钟)。 打开酸液罐进水电磁阀加水至高液位,电磁阀关闭;给酸液罐里按要求加入酸液,配好后打开电磁阀,开启CIP泵酸液循环冲洗,对管道和发酵罐的残流碱液进行中和(15分钟)。
排放掉热水罐和碱水罐里的液体,打开热水罐进水电磁阀,加水至高液位,电磁阀关闭,开启CIP泵,清水冲洗管道,发酵罐系统(15分钟)至中性。 关闭CIP系统所有电磁阀和CIP泵,打开气动蝶阀,放掉发酵罐里的残余液体;关闭电磁阀和CIP泵;打开消毒水罐进水电磁阀,加水到高液位,关闭电磁阀和气动蝶阀,将此罐清水配制成2%的甲醛溶液;打开电磁阀和CIP泵,将甲醛溶液泵入发酵罐及管路和CO2管路,关闭CIP泵和所有阀门,浸泡消毒至再生产。
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