1.求一篇关于美国文学史的论文或对美国某一作家的评论
Emily Elizabeth Dickinson (December 10, 1830 – May 15, 1886) was an American poet.
Dickinson was a prolific private poet, though fewer than a dozen of her nearly eighteen hundred poems were published during her lifetime. The work that was published during her lifetime was usually altered significantly by the publishers to fit the conventional poetic rules of the time. Dickinson's poems are unique for the era in which she wrote; they contain short lines, typically lack titles, and often utilize slant rhyme as well as unconventional capitalization and punctuation. Many of her poems deal with themes of death and immortality, two subjects which infused her letters to friends.
Although most of her acquaintances were probably aware of Dickinson's writing, it was not until after her death in 1886—when Lavinia, Emily's younger sister, discovered her cache of poems—that the breadth of Dickinson's work became apparent. Her first collection of poetry was published in 1890 by personal acquaintances Thomas Wentworth Higginson and Mabel Loomis Todd, both of whom heavily edited the content. A complete and mostly unaltered collection of her poetry became available for the first time in 1955 when The Poems of Emily Dickinson was published by scholar Thomas H. Johnson. Despite unfavorable reviews and skepticism of her literary prowess during the late 19th and early 20th century, critics now consider Dickinson to be a major American poet.
2.美国文学的论文有哪些选择啊
美国文学上荒野描写的生态意义述略提 要:早期殖民地时期美国文学中的荒野描写与当今的生态诠述有着本质上的不同,它以人的理解和利益为中心,而不是以生态本身存在之价值为出发点。
早期荒野描写大都出自新教徒之手,清教思想与自然结合,建构出美国新大陆这一空间的独特性,形成地域归属感。浪漫主义赋予荒野以新的意义,梭罗和爱默生关于荒野的论述表达了明显的环境意识。
20世纪的荒野描写则表达了现代人对荒野与文明关系的思索,不仅有对文学中美的追求,对土地、对自然界的伦理观的探讨,还有对科技至上理念的批判。关键词:美国文学;荒野描写;生态意义 “荒野”( wilderness)指原生自然和原野,是人类尚未涉足的原始大自然。
美国通常被认为是以“荒野”概念为中心的生态环境思想的发源地。自从哥伦布发现美洲新大陆以后,北美这片富饶而尚未开发的处女地吸引了一批批来自欧洲的探险者、旅行者和开发者。
对这些来自欧洲大陆的人们来说,北美大陆不同于古老的欧洲大陆那片已经被滥用过的土地,她充满活力和野性,预示者一种新生的机遇。同时,这又是一片陌生的土地,人们必须一切从头开始,去认知这个新的自然环境,在孤寂和荒野中求得生存和发展。
荒野描写(WildernessWriting)是美国文学史上特有的、以美国大陆原始自然和对野外生态学观察经验为素材,用小说、诗歌、散文、随笔、游记、札记等形式抒写原始自然的文学创作形式,其描写宗旨是歌颂自然、热爱荒野、倡导崇尚生命的生态伦理思想。“荒野意象是整个美国文学发展中的主要母题之一,并形成了美国文学的传统。”
[1]58在美国,有关荒野描写的论著已经出版了不少,其中代表作有罗德里克·纳什(RoderickNash)的《荒野与美国思想》(WildernessandAmerican Mind,1982)、迈克尔·科恩(MichaelCohen)的《无径之路:约翰·缪尔与美国荒野》(ThePathless Way: John Muir and American Wilderness,1984)、加里·斯奈德(Gary Snyder)的《荒野的实践》(ThePractice oftheWild,1990)以及马克斯·奥尔斯萨格(MaxOelschlaeger)的《荒野的概念:从史前到生态学时代》(The Idea ofWilderness: From Prehistory ttheAge ofEcology,1991)。目前国内研究美国文学史上荒野意义的主要成果包括程虹的《回归荒野》(三联书店,2001年)、杨金才在《外国文学研究》2000年第2期发表的《论美国文学中的“荒野”意象》一文以及在《中国期刊网》上可以查阅的两篇硕士论文。
荒野描写是美国自然文学及生态文学的重要组成部分。本文通过分析美国文学史上代表性作家的荒野描写,试图揭示荒野描写的生态意义。
一、早期荒野描写:建构美国新大陆的空间与地域归属感 在早期荒野描写非虚构文本的构建过程中,游记、见闻录以及地方志的主要代表作者有约翰·史密斯(John Smith, 1580~1631)、威廉·布雷德福(Wi-liam Bradford, 1590~1657)、亚瑟·巴罗威(ArthuBarlowe,1550~1620)和丹尼尔·戴顿(Daniel Den-ton,1626~1703)等。当代美国著名文化史专家利奥·马克思在其代表作《花园里的机器》(TheMa-chine in theGarden,1964)中指出,早期“人们对美洲产生的种种意象中,一方面是可怕的荒野,而另一方面则是花园。
从传统上说,这两种见解与关于人类和环境的基本关系的不同思想相关。我们可能称之为生态意象。
它们每一种都是根深蒂固的隐喻,是一种诗画的观念,展现了价值体系的本质。……将美洲描绘成一座花园表达出一种被认为是乌托邦的愿望,一种向往富足、休闲、自由和更加和谐生存的愿望,而将美洲描绘成一片可怕的荒野则是将美洲想象成另一片施展身手的领域”[2]。
布雷德福的笔下描写的是新教徒对迷失或隔离在新大陆那“咆哮的荒野”之中的迷惘与恐惧。在布雷德福的笔下,我们看不到伊甸园式的动人情景。
他在《1620~1647年普利茅斯种植园记事》(OfPlymouth Plantation,1620~1647,1959)一书中这样写道:“他们放眼望去,只见可怕的荒园……因为夏天已经过去,眼前只是一片严冬萧瑟的景象,整个土地树木林立,杂草丛生,满眼都是荒凉原始之色。”[3]然而,史密斯、巴罗威和戴顿等人的描写则展现出另一番生态意象情景。
史密斯的《新英格兰记》(Description ofNew England)用乐观而夸张的笔调详细地描绘了那里的海岸、岩群、森林和气候,“在人们眼前呈现出一个富饶的天堂,一片纯洁的生态乐园”[4]26。史密斯在荒野中陈旧的帐篷里,在森林里点燃的篝火旁,记载了他的经历和认识,呼唤欧洲大陆的移民来到这片上帝赐予的乐土。
戴顿在《纽约记事》(ABriefDescription ofNew York,1983)中写道:“如果真有人间天堂,那必是这片遍地牛奶蜂蜜之地”[5]。巴罗威在其《北美大陆首航记》(The First VoyageMade to theCoasts ofAmerica,1989)一书中写道:由海路接近新大陆时,会先有“阵阵清新怡人的香气入鼻,令新移民精神为之一振。
……这里森林茂盛,树木高大挺拔,果实累累”[6]。新大陆的丰富的物产资源,包括丰盈的鱼产和木材、肥沃的土壤、爽朗的气候和满山满谷的飞禽。
3.关于如今美国文学的英文论文3000字,需要内容摘要及关键词
论《洛丽塔》中纳博科夫的现代意识 (文化冲突)The Dispiriting Incompatibility of European and American CulturesThroughout Lolita, the interactions between European and American cultures result in perpetual misunderstandings and conflict. Charlotte Haze, an American, is drawn to the sophistication and worldliness of Humbert, a European. She eagerly accepts Humbert not so much because of who he is, but because she is charmed by what she sees as the glamour and intellect of Humbert's background. Humbert has no such reverence for Charlotte. He openly mocks the superficiality and transience of American culture, and he views Charlotte as nothing but a simple-minded housewife. However, he adores every one of Lolita's vulgarities and chronicles every detail of his tour of America—he enjoys the possibilities for freedom along the open American road. He eventually admits that he has defiled the country rather than the other way around. Though Humbert and Lolita develop their own version of peace as they travel together, their union is clearly not based on understanding or acceptance. Lolita cannot comprehend the depth of Humbert's devotion, which he overtly links to art, history, and culture, and Humbert will never truly recognize Lolita's unwillingness to let him sophisticate her. Eventually, Lolita leaves Humbert for the American Quilty, who does not bore her with high culture or grand passions.偶然和无常纳博科夫的《洛丽塔》中的混沌 (心里和心理学方面的混乱)The Inadequacy of PsychiatryHumbert's passion for Lolita defies easy psychological analysis, and throughout Lolita Humbert mocks psychiatry's tendency toward simplistic, logical explanations. In the foreword to Lolita, John Ray, Jr., Ph.D., claims that Humbert's tale will be of great interest to psychiatry, but throughout his memoir Humbert does his best to discredit the entire field of study, heaping the most scorn on Freudian psychology. For example, he enjoys lying to the psychiatrists at the sanitarium. He reports mockingly that Pratt, the headmistress of Lolita's school, diagnoses Lolita as sexually immature, wholly unaware that she actually has an overly active sex life with her stepfather. By undermining the authority and logic of the psychiatric field, Nabokov demands that readers view Humbert as a unique and deeply flawed human being, but not an insane one. Humbert further thwarts efforts of scientific categorization by constantly describing his feelings for Lolita as an enchantment or spell, closer to magic than to science. He tries to prove that his love is not a mental disease but an enormous, strange, and uncontrollable emotion that resists easy classification. Nabokov himself was deeply critical of psychiatry, and Lolita is, in a way, an attack on the field.以《洛丽塔》为例分析文学内在价值与社会道德规范的冲突解析《洛丽塔》中主人公的悲剧命运论《洛丽塔》的悲剧意义(这段3个主题都有相关,但是不详细)Humbert and Lolita are both exiles, and, alienated from the societies with which they are familiar, they find themselves in ambiguous moral territory where the old rules seem not to apply. Humbert chooses exile and comes willingly from Europe to America, while Lolita is forced into exile when Charlotte dies. She becomes detached from her familiar community of Ramsdale and goes on the road with Humbert. Together, they move constantly and belong to no single fixed place. The tourists Humbert and Lolita meet on the road are similarly transient, belonging to a generic America rather than to a specific place. In open, unfamiliar territory, Humbert and Lolita form their own set of rules, where normal sexual and familial relationships become twisted and corrupt. Both Humbert and Lolita have become so disconnected from ordinary society that neither can fully recognize how morally depraved their actions are. Humbert cannot see his own monstrosity, and Lolita shows only occasional awareness of herself of a victim.Though Humbert sweeps Lolita away so that they can find a measure of freedom, their exile ultimately traps them. Lolita is bound to Humbert because she has nowhere else to go, and though Humbert dreams of leaving America with Lolita, he eventually accepts that he will stay in America until he dies. Though each of them undergoes one final exile, Lolita to Dick Schiller and Humbert to prison, it is clear that they are first and foremost exiled from their own selves, an exile so total that they could never return to their original places in the worlds they once left. Exile in Lolita.。
4.美国文化的一篇论文,2000字左右,不要拷贝的
助人文化 我所见到的绝大多数美国人不但非常有礼貌,而且十分乐于助人。
到美国第二天,我 去超市购物,但不知道超市的确切地址,正在附近寻觅时,一位美国小伙子走了过来, 很有礼貌地问:“你好像在寻找什么?”我问:“超市在哪里?”小伙子满脸笑容地指点 到:“就在那儿!”从他的表情可以看出,他为自己能帮助一个异乡人而感到非常高兴 。 我在美国曾有几次迷路的经历,在问路的过程中更真切地体验到了美国的助人文化。
当我向一个女公交汽车司机问路时,她甚至停下了本职工作,专注地为我查地图,用几 分钟的时间为我找应该走的道路。我下车走向正确方向的过程中,她在车上不断挥手向 我指点方向,直到确信我走对了路,才开车离去。
美国大多数城市的大街上都行人稀少 ,有时候整条道路上都没有行人,问路并不是件容易的事,但只要遇到了其他人,他们 必然认真地为你指路,其热情和真诚常常令人感动。 美国的助人文化与中国有很大的不同:助人者通常不会妨碍被帮助者的自由,并且尽 可能地不涉及金钱。
我的房东莎丽是个七十多岁的老太太,人很善良,她见我没有汽车 ,几次带我外出办事。每次她决定让我搭车时,总会礼貌地问:“王博士,我不知道你 有没有空?如果有空,可以搭我的车出去,反正我要去办事。”
实际上到了目的地后, 我发现她并没有自己的事要做,她这样说是为了让我这个被帮助者没有心理负担。她让 我搭她的车,本是为了我的方便,但她却认为帮人做事也要征得对方的同意。
这正是美 国精神的体现,助人固然重要,但更重要的是尊重他人的自由。美国的助人文化是以个 人主义为基础的,所提倡的是一个独立个体对另一个独立个体的帮助,助人者的自由和 被帮助者的自由在这个过程中都必须获得尊重。
这与东方群体主义的助人文化有根本的 不同。 对财产权的尊重使得美国的助人文化有着鲜明的资本主义品格:帮助人通常以不涉及 金钱为原则,在涉及金钱时一定要订立合约,被帮助者或者要以某种方式偿付所涉及的 金钱,或者要有明确的感谢方式。
但是一些在美国的华人则超越了这个原则,为美国的 助人文化增添了东方风格。洛杉矶有个在华人圈中影响很大的企业家曾庆华,便以无私 助人而著称。
只要中国的来访者到了那里,不管多晚,只要给他打个电话,他总会去接 送。在华人知识分子聚会时,他常常担当司机的角色,接送年长者和来访者。
他的资产 并不十分雄厚,但却常常向华人文化基金会和华人学者捐赠,并且不求回报。我与他有 过几次深谈,知道他的助人主义除了受基督教影响外,更源于儒家文化对仁、义、忠、诚的提倡。
由于他早已加入美国籍,所以,我把他的助人行动也当作美国助人文化的一 部分。虽然这种超越金钱原则的助人文化在美国还不是主流,但我从中看到了令人振奋 的东西。
这是华人对美国助人文化的独特贡献。
5.关于外国文学的毕业论文写那方面比较好
论题:
1、《伊利昂纪》和《奥德修纪》的风格比较
2、论《俄狄浦斯王》与古希腊命运观
3、论《神曲》中的象征手法
4、《十日谈》与人文主义
5、论《堂吉诃德》的讽刺意义
6、从《哈姆雷特》看莎士比亚的悲剧艺术
7、论《威尼斯商人》的喜剧手法
8、《伪君子》与古典主义“三一律”
9、《伪君子》的理性喜剧的悲剧底蕴
10、《鲁滨逊漂流记》与近代市民文化
11、论《浮士德》与浮士德精神
12、《抒情歌谣集》与浪漫主义诗论
13、论《草叶集》中的自我形象
14、论《人间喜剧》中的人物再现法
15、《红与黑》与个人奋斗
16、论《双城记》的人道主义原则
17、奥斯丁与《傲慢与偏见》研究
18、艾米莉与《呼啸山庄》研究
19、勃朗特与《简·爱》研究
20、《简·爱》与女性尊严
21、从《安娜·卡列尼娜》看托尔斯泰的女性观
22、“卡拉玛佐夫气质”的内涵探析
23、论《罪与罚》中的“罪”与“罚”
24、海明威与《老人与海》研究
25、悲剧英雄:论《老人与海》中的老人形象
26、论《等待戈多》的荒诞派戏剧特征
27、论《喧哗与骚动》的复调性
28、哈姆莱特与堂吉诃德形象比较
建议:
选择论题时应选题目较小的,这样容易把握文章。如果论题太大,涉及内容太广,这样文章显得杂乱,而且没有深度。
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