众文网1.求一篇关于法国香水文化的文章,最好还附有参考文献,急用
一、法国香水的历史
法国香水及化妆品业举世闻名，它和法国时装、法国葡萄酒并列为法国三大精品产业，是法国人的骄傲。
法国人使用香精香料和化妆品始于十三世纪前后，主要是贵族社会。当时的宫廷里，不仅女人乐施粉黛，而且男人也粉面纹唇。法国第一家香精香料生产公司1730年诞生于格拉斯市，后来发展到最多的时候达到了上百家，到现在已经合并成三家规模较大的香精香料生产公司。据朋友介绍，格拉斯市一直承担着为法国名牌香水销售公司配制香水的业务，而名牌香水销售公司最多则只在此基础上按比例调入中性酒精和蒸馏水并加上包装。在法国，完全自己配制产品的名牌香水公司可以说很少。
在法国，香水业的发展可以说和时装业的发展有着密切的关系。香水业与时装业的结合是一种很有意思的文化现象。时装设计师们发现在时装上撒些香水会为时装表演和销售香水带来极好的效果，于是，便纷纷兼售香水。最早承做时装和销售香水的是布瓦雷公司，随后又有夏奈尔公司（CHANEL）等。1925年，夏奈尔公司推出了“夏奈尔5号”香水，获得了世界性的成功，被视为法国香水发展史上的里程碑。至今各名牌时装公司几乎都保留自己牌号的香水，当然也有几家自开始就是经营香水的名牌商号保留了下来。
二、种类
法国香水的生产最初均使用天然原料。这些原料来源很广：如花（玫瑰花、茉莉花）、水果（柠檬、柑橘），球类植物（晚香玉）等。由于生产这些原料的成本增加，如今格拉斯地区只种植部分花卉植物，大部分原料已依赖进口。
天然原料造价较高，比如600公斤的茉莉花只可提纯1公斤的茉莉香精。由于化学工业的发展，20世纪初，人们开始采用合成的方式生产香水和化妆品，从此这一领域出现了重大的变革。香型的范围扩大了，从而弥补了天然原料的不足。
酒精性香制品，即香水。它是由配制好的香精加调中性酒精及蒸馏水稀释而成的。香水依据其所含香精浓度的大小而具有不同的名称，例如“化妆水”（EAU DE TOILETTE），“科劳尼水”（EAU DE COLOGNE），“化妆香水”（EAU DE PARFUM），“浓香水”（PARFUM）和“香精性香水”（ESSENCE DE PARFUM）。这些标志在名牌香水上基本都是会注明的，一看便知。需要说明的是，并非所有的香精都可配制浓度较高而又气味宜人的香水，有些香精在其浓度较低时反而恰是于人接受的最佳状态。
三、香水文化
香水是一种技术产品，但它更是一种文化产品。配制香水是一个复杂的过程。调配师是艺术巨匠，他要依据人们审美情趣的变化和要求来创造。据介绍，一种新的产品的试制一般至少需要一年的时间，而它的推广则需好几年的时间和大量的广告费用。要知道，在已有上千种的产品的情况下，再创造出新的有特色的产品，是很不容易的。当然，要把人类现有的8,000多种香精原料和它们的不同用量进行排列组合，那也将是无穷无尽的事。而且随着科学的发展，人们还会发现新的可用来调配香水的原料。
选用香水也很有讲究。香水也有个性。每种香水都具有其意义内涵和审美效果，所以在选用香水时要特别予以注意。首先要分清是女用还是男用香水，女用在使女性本身得到满足之外还对男性有吸引作用，而男用香水反之。其次，选用香水，要注意使用场合、对象、季节、时辰、服饰、个人年龄、个人和他人身体状况等因素。要做到个人他人相宜、场合时辰相宜、浓淡相宜，真是件不太容易的事。可以说，选用香水是对选用者文化素质和个人修养的测定
2.求<香水发展史>的"英文"论文一篇.高分奖励
The word perfume used today derives from the Latin "per fumus", meaning through smoke. Perfumery, or the art of making perfumes, began in ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt and was further refined by the Romans and Persians. Although perfume and perfumery also existed in India, much of its fragrances are incense based. The earliest distillation of Attar was mentioned in the Hindu Ayurvedic text Charaka Samhita. The Harshacharita, written in 7th century A.D. in Northern India mentions use of fragrant agarwood oil. The world's first recorded chemist is considered to be a woman named Tapputi, a perfume maker who was mentioned in a cuneiform tablet from the second millennium BC in Mesopotamia. She distilled flowers, oil, and calamus with other aromatics then filtered and put them back in the still several times. In 2005, archaeologists uncovered what are believed to be the world's oldest perfumes in Pyrgos, Cyprus. The perfumes date back more than 4,000 years. The perfumes were discovered in an ancient perfumery. At least 60 stills, mixing bowls, funnels and perfume bottles were found in the 43,000-square-foot (4,000 m 2 ) factory. In ancient times people used herbs and spices, like almond, coriander, myrtle, conifer resin, bergamot, as well as flowers. The Arabian chemist, Al-Kindi (Alkindus), wrote in the 9th century a book on perfumes which he named Book of the Chemistry of Perfume and Distillations. It contained more than a hundred recipes for fragrant oils, salves, aromatic waters and substitutes or imitations of costly drugs. The book also described 107 methods and recipes for perfume-making and perfume making equipment, such as the alembic (which still bears its Arabic name). The Persian chemist Ibn Sina (also known as Avicenna) introduced the process of extracting oils from flowers by means of distillation, the procedure most commonly used today. He first experimented with the rose. Until his discovery, liquid perfumes were mixtures of oil and crushed herbs or petals, which made a strong blend. Rose water was more delicate, and immediately became popular. Both of the raw ingredients and distillation technology significantly influenced western perfumery and scientific developments, particularly chemistry. The art of perfumery was known in western Europe ever since the 1221 if we consider the monks' recipes of Santa Maria delle Vigne or Santa Maria Novella of Florence, Italy. In the east, the Hungarians produced in 1370 a perfume made of scented oils blended in an alcohol solution at the command of Queen Elizabeth of Hungary best known as Hungary Water. The art of perfumery prospered in Renaissance Italy, and in the 16th century, Italian refinements were taken to France by Catherine de' Medici's personal perfumer, Rene the Florentine (Renato il fiorentino). His laboratory was connected with her apartments by a secret passageway, so that no formulas could be stolen en route. Thanks to Rene, France quickly became one of the European centers of perfume and cosmetic manufacture. Cultivation of flowers for their perfume essence, which had begun in the 14th century, grew into a major industry in the south of France. Between the 16th and 17th century, perfumes were used primarily by the wealthy to mask body odors resulting from infrequent bathing. Partly due to this patronage, the perfumery industry was created. In Germany, Italian barber Giovanni Paolo Feminis created a perfume water called Aqua Admirabilis, today best known as eau de cologne, while his nephew Johann Maria Farina (Giovanni Maria Farina) in 1732 took over the business. By the 18th century, aromatic plants were being grown in the Grasse region of France, in Sicily, and in Calabria, Italy to provide the growing perfume industry with raw materials. Even today, Italy and France remain the centre of the European perfume design and trade.麻烦采纳，谢谢。